Do not crash on failure to plot

.gitignore

@@ -102,7 +102,7 @@ experiments/*
 DvcLiveLogger/checkpoints
 logs/
 mlruns/
-outputs/
+/outputs/
 notebooks/lightning_logs
 
 # Jupiter notebooks
@@ -123,3 +123,8 @@ example_data/preprocessed
 
 # Dev notebooks
 notebooks/tmp
+/tmp
+/.agents/skills
+/notebooks
+/AGENTS.md
+/scripts

docs/source/architecture.md

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+# BatDetect2 Architecture Overview
+
+This document provides a comprehensive map of the `batdetect2` codebase architecture. It is intended to serve as a deep-dive reference for developers, agents, and contributors navigating the project.
+
+`batdetect2` is designed as a modular deep learning pipeline for detecting and classifying bat echolocation calls in high-frequency audio recordings. It heavily utilizes **PyTorch**, **PyTorch Lightning** for training, and the **Soundevent** library for standardized audio and geometry data classes.
+
+The repository follows a configuration-driven design pattern, heavily utilizing `pydantic`/`omegaconf` (via `BaseConfig`) and the Factory/Registry patterns for dependency injection and modularity. The entire pipeline can be orchestrated via the high-level API `BatDetect2API` (`src/batdetect2/api_v2.py`).
+
+---
+
+## 1. Data Flow Pipeline
+
+The standard lifecycle of a prediction request follows these sequential stages, each handled by an isolated, replaceable module:
+
+1. **Audio Loading (`batdetect2.audio`)**: Read raw `.wav` files into standard NumPy arrays or `soundevent.data.Clip` objects. Handles resampling.
+2. **Preprocessing (`batdetect2.preprocess`)**: Converts raw 1D waveforms into 2D Spectrogram tensors.
+3. **Forward Pass (`batdetect2.models`)**: A PyTorch neural network processes the spectrogram and outputs dense prediction tensors (e.g., detection heatmaps, bounding box sizes, class probabilities).
+4. **Postprocessing (`batdetect2.postprocess`)**: Decodes the raw output tensors back into explicit geometry bounding boxes and runs Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) to filter redundant predictions.
+5. **Formatting (`batdetect2.data`)**: Transforms the predictions into standard formats (`.csv`, `.json`, `.parquet`) using `OutputFormatterProtocol`.
+
+---
+
+## 2. Core Modules Breakdown
+
+### 2.1 Audio and Preprocessing
+- **`audio/`**: 
+  - Centralizes audio I/O using `AudioLoader`. It abstracts over the `soundevent` library, efficiently handling full `Recording` files or smaller `Clip` segments, standardizing the sample rate.
+- **`preprocess/`**: 
+  - Dictated by the `PreprocessorProtocol`. 
+  - Its primary responsibility is spectrogram generation via Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT).
+  - During training, it incorporates data augmentation layers (e.g., amplitude scaling, time masking, frequency masking, spectral mean subtraction) configured via `PreprocessingConfig`.
+
+### 2.2 Deep Learning Models (`models/`)
+The `models` directory contains all PyTorch neural network architectures. The default architecture is an Encoder-Decoder (U-Net style) network.
+- **`blocks.py`**: Reusable neural network blocks, including standard Convolutions (`ConvBlock`) and specialized layers like `FreqCoordConvDownBlock`/`FreqCoordConvUpBlock` which append normalized spatial frequency coordinates to explicitly grant convolutional filters frequency-awareness.
+- **`encoder.py`**: The downsampling path (feature extraction). Builds a sequential list of blocks and captures skip connections.
+- **`bottleneck.py`**: The deepest, lowest-resolution segment connecting the Encoder and Decoder. Features an optional `SelfAttention` mechanism to weigh global temporal contexts.
+- **`decoder.py`**: The upsampling path (reconstruction), actively integrating skip connections (residuals) from the Encoder.
+- **`heads.py`**: Attach to the backbone's feature map to output specific predictions:
+  - `BBoxHead`: Predicts bounding box sizes.
+  - `ClassifierHead`: Predicts species classes.
+  - `DetectorHead`: Predicts detection probability heatmaps.
+- **`backbones.py` & `detectors.py`**: Assemble the encoder, bottleneck, decoder, and heads into a cohesive `Detector` model.
+- **`__init__.py:Model`**: The overarching wrapper `torch.nn.Module` containing the `detector`, `preprocessor`, `postprocessor`, and `targets`.
+
+### 2.3 Targets and Regions of Interest (`targets/`)
+Crucial for training, this module translates physical annotations (Regions of Interest / ROIs) into training targets (tensors).
+- **`rois.py`**: Implements `ROITargetMapper`. Maps a geometric bounding box into a 2D reference `Position` (time, freq) and a `Size` array. Includes strategies like:
+  - `AnchorBBoxMapper`: Maps based on a fixed bounding box corner/center.
+  - `PeakEnergyBBoxMapper`: Identifies the physical coordinate of peak acoustic energy inside the bounding box and calculates offsets to the box edges.
+- **`targets.py`**: Reconstructs complete multi-channel target heatmaps and coordinate tensors from the ROIs to compute losses during training.
+
+### 2.4 Postprocessing (`postprocess/`)
+- Implements `PostprocessorProtocol`.
+- Reverses the logic from `targets`. It scans the model's output detection heatmaps for peaks, extracts the predicted sizes and class probabilities at those peaks, and decodes them back into physical `soundevent.data.Geometry` (Bounding Boxes).
+- Automatically applies Non-Maximum Suppression (NMS) configured via `PostprocessConfig` to remove highly overlapping predictions.
+
+### 2.5 Data Management (`data/`)
+- **`annotations/`**: Utilities to load dataset annotations supporting multiple standardized schemas (`AOEF`, `BatDetect2` formats).
+- **`datasets.py`**: Aggregates recordings and annotations into memory.
+- **`predictions/`**: Handles the exporting of model results via `OutputFormatterProtocol`. Includes formatters for `RawOutput`, `.parquet`, `.json`, etc.
+
+### 2.6 Evaluation (`evaluate/`)
+- Computes scientific metrics using `EvaluatorProtocol`.
+- Provides specific testing environments for tasks like `Clip Classification`, `Clip Detection`, and `Top Class` predictions.
+- Generates precision-recall curves and scatter plots.
+
+### 2.7 Training (`train/`)
+- Implements the distributed PyTorch training loop via PyTorch Lightning.
+- **`lightning.py`**: Contains `TrainingModule`, the `LightningModule` that orchestrates the optimizer, learning rate scheduler, forward passes, and backpropagation using the generated `targets`.
+
+---
+
+## 3. Interfaces and Tooling
+
+### 3.1 APIs
+- **`api_v2.py` (`BatDetect2API`)**: The modern API object. It is deeply integrated with dependency injection using `BatDetect2Config`. It instantiates the loader, targets, preprocessor, postprocessor, and model, exposing easy-to-use methods like `process_file`, `evaluate`, and `train`.
+- **`api.py`**: The legacy API. Kept for backwards compatibility. Uses hardcoded default instances rather than configuration objects.
+
+### 3.2 Command Line Interface (`cli/`)
+- Implements terminal commands utilizing `click`. Commands include `batdetect2 detect`, `evaluate`, and `train`.
+
+### 3.3 Core and Configuration (`core/`, `config.py`)
+- **`core/registries.py`**: A string-based Registry pattern (e.g., `block_registry`, `roi_mapper_registry`) that allows developers to dynamically swap components (like a custom neural network block) via configuration files without modifying python code.
+- **`config.py`**: Aggregates all modular `BaseConfig` objects (`AudioConfig`, `PreprocessingConfig`, `BackboneConfig`) into the monolithic `BatDetect2Config`.
+
+---
+
+## Summary
+To navigate this codebase effectively:
+1. Follow **`api_v2.py`** to see how high-level operations invoke individual components.
+2. Rely heavily on the typed **Protocols** located in each subsystem's `types.py` module (for example `src/batdetect2/preprocess/types.py` and `src/batdetect2/postprocess/types.py`) to understand inputs and outputs without needing to read each implementation.
+3. Understand that data flows structurally as `soundevent` primitives externally, and as pure `torch.Tensor` internally through the network.

docs/source/index.md

@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ Hi!
 :maxdepth: 1
 :caption: Contents:
 
+architecture
 data/index
 preprocessing/index
 postprocessing

example_data/config.yaml

@@ -1,70 +1,79 @@
+config_version: v1
+
 audio:
   samplerate: 256000
   resample:
-    enabled: True
+    enabled: true
-    method: "poly"
+    method: poly
-
-preprocess:
-  stft:
-    window_duration: 0.002
-    window_overlap: 0.75
-    window_fn: hann
-  frequencies:
-    max_freq: 120000
-    min_freq: 10000
-  size:
-    height: 128
-    resize_factor: 0.5
-  spectrogram_transforms:
-    - name: pcen
-      time_constant: 0.1
-      gain: 0.98
-      bias: 2
-      power: 0.5
-    - name: spectral_mean_substraction
-
-postprocess:
-  nms_kernel_size: 9
-  detection_threshold: 0.01
-  top_k_per_sec: 200
 
 model:
-  input_height: 128
+  samplerate: 256000
-  in_channels: 1
+
-  out_channels: 32
+  preprocess:
-  encoder:
+    stft:
-    layers:
+      window_duration: 0.002
-      - name: FreqCoordConvDown
+      window_overlap: 0.75
-        out_channels: 32
+      window_fn: hann
-      - name: FreqCoordConvDown
+    frequencies:
-        out_channels: 64
+      max_freq: 120000
-      - name: LayerGroup
+      min_freq: 10000
-        layers:
+    size:
-          - name: FreqCoordConvDown
+      height: 128
-            out_channels: 128
+      resize_factor: 0.5
-          - name: ConvBlock
+    spectrogram_transforms:
-            out_channels: 256
+      - name: pcen
-  bottleneck:
+        time_constant: 0.1
-    channels: 256
+        gain: 0.98
-    layers:
+        bias: 2
-      - name: SelfAttention
+        power: 0.5
-        attention_channels: 256
+      - name: spectral_mean_subtraction
-  decoder:
+
-    layers:
+  architecture:
-      - name: FreqCoordConvUp
+    name: UNetBackbone
-        out_channels: 64
+    input_height: 128
-      - name: FreqCoordConvUp
+    in_channels: 1
-        out_channels: 32
+    encoder:
-      - name: LayerGroup
+      layers:
-        layers:
+        - name: FreqCoordConvDown
-          - name: FreqCoordConvUp
+          out_channels: 32
-            out_channels: 32
+        - name: FreqCoordConvDown
-          - name: ConvBlock
+          out_channels: 64
-            out_channels: 32
+        - name: LayerGroup
+          layers:
+            - name: FreqCoordConvDown
+              out_channels: 128
+            - name: ConvBlock
+              out_channels: 256
+    bottleneck:
+      channels: 256
+      layers:
+        - name: SelfAttention
+          attention_channels: 256
+    decoder:
+      layers:
+        - name: FreqCoordConvUp
+          out_channels: 64
+        - name: FreqCoordConvUp
+          out_channels: 32
+        - name: LayerGroup
+          layers:
+            - name: FreqCoordConvUp
+              out_channels: 32
+            - name: ConvBlock
+              out_channels: 32
+
+  postprocess:
+    nms_kernel_size: 9
+    detection_threshold: 0.01
+    top_k_per_sec: 200
 
 train:
   optimizer:
+    name: adam
     learning_rate: 0.001
+
+  scheduler:
+    name: cosine_annealing
     t_max: 100
 
   labels:
@@ -76,10 +85,7 @@ train:
 
   train_loader:
     batch_size: 8
-
+    shuffle: true
-    num_workers: 2
-
-    shuffle: True
 
     clipping_strategy:
       name: random_subclip
@@ -115,7 +121,6 @@ train:
           max_masks: 3
 
   val_loader:
-    num_workers: 2
     clipping_strategy:
       name: whole_audio_padded
       chunk_size: 0.256
@@ -134,9 +139,6 @@ train:
     size:
       weight: 0.1
 
-  logger:
-    name: csv
-
   validation:
     tasks:
       - name: sound_event_detection
@@ -146,6 +148,10 @@ train:
         metrics:
           - name: average_precision
 
+logging:
+  train:
+    name: csv
+
 evaluation:
   tasks:
     - name: sound_event_detection

justfile

@@ -14,60 +14,67 @@ HTML_COVERAGE_DIR := "htmlcov"
 help:
     @just --list
 
+install:
+    uv sync
+
 # Testing & Coverage
 # Run tests using pytest.
 test:
-    pytest {{TESTS_DIR}}
+    uv run pytest {{TESTS_DIR}}
 
 # Run tests and generate coverage data.
 coverage:
-    pytest --cov=batdetect2 --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml {{TESTS_DIR}}
+    uv run pytest --cov=batdetect2 --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=xml {{TESTS_DIR}}
 
 # Generate an HTML coverage report.
 coverage-html: coverage
     @echo "Generating HTML coverage report..."
-    coverage html -d {{HTML_COVERAGE_DIR}}
+    uv run coverage html -d {{HTML_COVERAGE_DIR}}
     @echo "HTML coverage report generated in {{HTML_COVERAGE_DIR}}/"
 
 # Serve the HTML coverage report locally.
 coverage-serve: coverage-html
     @echo "Serving report at http://localhost:8000/ ..."
-    python -m http.server --directory {{HTML_COVERAGE_DIR}} 8000
+    uv run python -m http.server --directory {{HTML_COVERAGE_DIR}} 8000
 
 # Documentation
 # Build documentation using Sphinx.
 docs:
-    sphinx-build -b html {{DOCS_SOURCE}} {{DOCS_BUILD}}
+    uv run sphinx-build -b html {{DOCS_SOURCE}} {{DOCS_BUILD}}
 
 # Serve documentation with live reload.
 docs-serve:
-    sphinx-autobuild {{DOCS_SOURCE}} {{DOCS_BUILD}} --watch {{SOURCE_DIR}} --open-browser
+    uv run sphinx-autobuild {{DOCS_SOURCE}} {{DOCS_BUILD}} --watch {{SOURCE_DIR}} --open-browser
 
 # Formatting & Linting
 # Format code using ruff.
-format:
+fix-format:
-    ruff format {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
+    uv run ruff format {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
-
-# Check code formatting using ruff.
-format-check:
-    ruff format --check {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
-
-# Lint code using ruff.
-lint:
-    ruff check {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
 
 # Lint code using ruff and apply automatic fixes.
-lint-fix:
+fix-lint:
-    ruff check --fix {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
+    uv run ruff check --fix {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
+
+# Combined Formatting & Linting
+fix: fix-format fix-lint
+
+# Checking tasks
+# Check code formatting using ruff.
+check-format:
+    uv run ruff format --check {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
+
+# Lint code using ruff.
+check-lint:
+    uv run ruff check {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
 
 # Type Checking
-# Type check code using pyright.
+# Type check code using ty.
-typecheck:
+check-types:
-    pyright {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
+    uv run ty check {{PYTHON_DIRS}}
 
 # Combined Checks
 # Run all checks (format-check, lint, typecheck).
-check: format-check lint typecheck test
+check: check-format check-lint check-types
 
 # Cleaning tasks
 # Remove Python bytecode and cache.
@@ -95,7 +102,7 @@ clean: clean-build clean-pyc clean-test clean-docs
 
 # Train on example data.
 example-train OPTIONS="":
-    batdetect2 train \
+    uv run batdetect2 train \
         --val-dataset example_data/dataset.yaml \
         --config example_data/config.yaml \
         {{OPTIONS}} \

notebooks/Training.ipynb

@@ -1,440 +0,0 @@
-{
- "cells": [
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 1,
-   "id": "cfb0b360-a204-4c27-a18f-3902e8758879",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:02.699871Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:02.699590Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:02.710312Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:02.709798Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:02.699839Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "%load_ext autoreload\n",
-    "%autoreload 2"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 2,
-   "id": "326c5432-94e6-4abf-a332-fe902559461b",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:02.711324Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:02.711067Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.092380Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.091830Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:02.711304Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stderr",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "/home/santiago/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/tqdm/auto.py:21: TqdmWarning: IProgress not found. Please update jupyter and ipywidgets. See https://ipywidgets.readthedocs.io/en/stable/user_install.html\n",
-      "  from .autonotebook import tqdm as notebook_tqdm\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "from pathlib import Path\n",
-    "from typing import List, Optional\n",
-    "import torch\n",
-    "\n",
-    "import pytorch_lightning as pl\n",
-    "from batdetect2.train.modules import DetectorModel\n",
-    "from batdetect2.train.augmentations import (\n",
-    "    add_echo,\n",
-    "    select_random_subclip,\n",
-    "    warp_spectrogram,\n",
-    ")\n",
-    "from batdetect2.train.dataset import LabeledDataset, get_files\n",
-    "from batdetect2.train.preprocess import PreprocessingConfig\n",
-    "from soundevent import data\n",
-    "import matplotlib.pyplot as plt\n",
-    "from soundevent.types import ClassMapper\n",
-    "from torch.utils.data import DataLoader"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "markdown",
-   "id": "9402a473-0b25-4123-9fa8-ad1f71a4237a",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-18T22:39:12.395329Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-18T22:39:12.393444Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-18T22:39:12.405938Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-18T22:39:12.402980Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-18T22:39:12.395236Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "source": [
-    "## Training Datasets"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 3,
-   "id": "cfd97d83-8c2b-46c8-9eae-cea59f53bc61",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.093487Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.092990Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.121636Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.121143Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.093459Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "data_dir = Path.cwd().parent / \"example_data\""
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 4,
-   "id": "d5131ae9-2efd-4758-b6e5-189a6d90789b",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.122685Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.122270Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.151386Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.150788Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.122661Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "files = get_files(data_dir / \"preprocessed\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 5,
-   "id": "bc733d3d-7829-4e90-896d-a0dc76b33288",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.152327Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.152060Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.184041Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.183372Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.152305Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "train_dataset = LabeledDataset(files)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 6,
-   "id": "dfbb94ab-7b12-4689-9c15-4dc34cd17cb2",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.186393Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.186117Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.220175Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.219322Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.186375Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "train_dataloader = DataLoader(\n",
-    "    train_dataset,\n",
-    "    shuffle=True,\n",
-    "    batch_size=32,\n",
-    "    num_workers=4,\n",
-    ")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 7,
-   "id": "e2eedaa9-6be3-481a-8786-7618515d98f8",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.221653Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.221242Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.260977Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.260375Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.221616Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "# List of all possible classes\n",
-    "class Mapper(ClassMapper):\n",
-    "    class_labels = [\n",
-    "        \"Eptesicus serotinus\",\n",
-    "        \"Myotis mystacinus\",\n",
-    "        \"Pipistrellus pipistrellus\",\n",
-    "        \"Rhinolophus ferrumequinum\",\n",
-    "    ]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    def encode(self, x: data.SoundEventAnnotation) -> Optional[str]:\n",
-    "        event_tag = data.find_tag(x.tags, \"event\")\n",
-    "\n",
-    "        if event_tag.value == \"Social\":\n",
-    "            return \"social\"\n",
-    "\n",
-    "        if event_tag.value != \"Echolocation\":\n",
-    "            # Ignore all other types of calls\n",
-    "            return None\n",
-    "\n",
-    "        species_tag = data.find_tag(x.tags, \"class\")\n",
-    "        return species_tag.value\n",
-    "\n",
-    "    def decode(self, class_name: str) -> List[data.Tag]:\n",
-    "        if class_name == \"social\":\n",
-    "            return [data.Tag(key=\"event\", value=\"social\")]\n",
-    "\n",
-    "        return [data.Tag(key=\"class\", value=class_name)]"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 8,
-   "id": "1ff6072c-511e-42fe-a74f-282f269b80f0",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.262337Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.261775Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.309793Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.309216Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.262307Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "detector = DetectorModel(class_mapper=Mapper())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 9,
-   "id": "3a763ee6-15bc-4105-a409-f06e0ad21a06",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.310695Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.310438Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.366636Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.366059Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.310669Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stderr",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "GPU available: False, used: False\n",
-      "TPU available: False, using: 0 TPU cores\n",
-      "HPU available: False, using: 0 HPUs\n"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "trainer = pl.Trainer(\n",
-    "    limit_train_batches=100,\n",
-    "    max_epochs=2,\n",
-    "    log_every_n_steps=1,\n",
-    ")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": 10,
-   "id": "0b86d49d-3314-4257-94f5-f964855be385",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.execute_input": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.367499Z",
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.367242Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.811300Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.809823Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:09.367473Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [
-    {
-     "name": "stderr",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "\n",
-      "  | Name              | Type      | Params | Mode \n",
-      "--------------------------------------------------------\n",
-      "0 | feature_extractor | Net2DFast | 119 K  | train\n",
-      "1 | classifier        | Conv2d    | 54     | train\n",
-      "2 | bbox              | Conv2d    | 18     | train\n",
-      "--------------------------------------------------------\n",
-      "119 K     Trainable params\n",
-      "448       Non-trainable params\n",
-      "119 K     Total params\n",
-      "0.480     Total estimated model params size (MB)\n",
-      "32        Modules in train mode\n",
-      "0         Modules in eval mode\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "name": "stdout",
-     "output_type": "stream",
-     "text": [
-      "Epoch 0:   0%|                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                    | 0/1 [00:00<?, ?it/s]class heatmap shape torch.Size([3, 4, 128, 512])\n",
-      "class props shape torch.Size([3, 5, 128, 512])\n"
-     ]
-    },
-    {
-     "ename": "RuntimeError",
-     "evalue": "The size of tensor a (5) must match the size of tensor b (4) at non-singleton dimension 1",
-     "output_type": "error",
-     "traceback": [
-      "\u001b[0;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
-      "\u001b[0;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m                              Traceback (most recent call last)",
-      "Cell \u001b[0;32mIn[10], line 1\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m----> 1\u001b[0m \u001b[43mtrainer\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mfit\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mdetector\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtrain_dataloaders\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtrain_dataloader\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/trainer/trainer.py:538\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mTrainer.fit\u001b[0;34m(self, model, train_dataloaders, val_dataloaders, datamodule, ckpt_path)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    536\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstate\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstatus \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m TrainerStatus\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mRUNNING\n\u001b[1;32m    537\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mtraining \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 538\u001b[0m \u001b[43mcall\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_call_and_handle_interrupt\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    539\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_fit_impl\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmodel\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtrain_dataloaders\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mval_dataloaders\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mdatamodule\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mckpt_path\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    540\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/trainer/call.py:47\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_call_and_handle_interrupt\u001b[0;34m(trainer, trainer_fn, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     45\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m trainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstrategy\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlauncher \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m     46\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m trainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstrategy\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlauncher\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlaunch(trainer_fn, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39margs, trainer\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39mtrainer, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39mkwargs)\n\u001b[0;32m---> 47\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mtrainer_fn\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m     49\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mexcept\u001b[39;00m _TunerExitException:\n\u001b[1;32m     50\u001b[0m     _call_teardown_hook(trainer)\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/trainer/trainer.py:574\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mTrainer._fit_impl\u001b[0;34m(self, model, train_dataloaders, val_dataloaders, datamodule, ckpt_path)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    567\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01massert\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstate\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mfn \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    568\u001b[0m ckpt_path \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_checkpoint_connector\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_select_ckpt_path(\n\u001b[1;32m    569\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstate\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mfn,\n\u001b[1;32m    570\u001b[0m     ckpt_path,\n\u001b[1;32m    571\u001b[0m     model_provided\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    572\u001b[0m     model_connected\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlightning_module \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m    573\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 574\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_run\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mmodel\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mckpt_path\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mckpt_path\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    576\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01massert\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstate\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstopped\n\u001b[1;32m    577\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mtraining \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mFalse\u001b[39;00m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/trainer/trainer.py:981\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mTrainer._run\u001b[0;34m(self, model, ckpt_path)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    976\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_signal_connector\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mregister_signal_handlers()\n\u001b[1;32m    978\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# ----------------------------\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    979\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# RUN THE TRAINER\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    980\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# ----------------------------\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 981\u001b[0m results \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_run_stage\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    983\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# ----------------------------\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    984\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# POST-Training CLEAN UP\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    985\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# ----------------------------\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    986\u001b[0m log\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mdebug(\u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;18m__class__\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;18m__name__\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m: trainer tearing down\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/trainer/trainer.py:1025\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mTrainer._run_stage\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1023\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_run_sanity_check()\n\u001b[1;32m   1024\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m torch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mautograd\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mset_detect_anomaly(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_detect_anomaly):\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1025\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mfit_loop\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mrun\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m   1026\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m   1027\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;167;01mRuntimeError\u001b[39;00m(\u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mUnexpected state \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstate\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/loops/fit_loop.py:205\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_FitLoop.run\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    203\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    204\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mon_advance_start()\n\u001b[0;32m--> 205\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43madvance\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    206\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mon_advance_end()\n\u001b[1;32m    207\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_restarting \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mFalse\u001b[39;00m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/loops/fit_loop.py:363\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_FitLoop.advance\u001b[0;34m(self)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    361\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mtrainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mprofiler\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mprofile(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mrun_training_epoch\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m):\n\u001b[1;32m    362\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01massert\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_data_fetcher \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 363\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mepoch_loop\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mrun\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_data_fetcher\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/loops/training_epoch_loop.py:140\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_TrainingEpochLoop.run\u001b[0;34m(self, data_fetcher)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    138\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwhile\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mdone:\n\u001b[1;32m    139\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mtry\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 140\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43madvance\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mdata_fetcher\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    141\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mon_advance_end(data_fetcher)\n\u001b[1;32m    142\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_restarting \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mFalse\u001b[39;00m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/loops/training_epoch_loop.py:250\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_TrainingEpochLoop.advance\u001b[0;34m(self, data_fetcher)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    247\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m trainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mprofiler\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mprofile(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mrun_training_batch\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m):\n\u001b[1;32m    248\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m trainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlightning_module\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mautomatic_optimization:\n\u001b[1;32m    249\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;66;03m# in automatic optimization, there can only be one optimizer\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 250\u001b[0m         batch_output \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mautomatic_optimization\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mrun\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mtrainer\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43moptimizers\u001b[49m\u001b[43m[\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m0\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m]\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mbatch_idx\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    251\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    252\u001b[0m         batch_output \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmanual_optimization\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mrun(kwargs)\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/loops/optimization/automatic.py:190\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_AutomaticOptimization.run\u001b[0;34m(self, optimizer, batch_idx, kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    183\u001b[0m         closure()\n\u001b[1;32m    185\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# ------------------------------\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    186\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# BACKWARD PASS\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    187\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# ------------------------------\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    188\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# gradient update with accumulated gradients\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    189\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 190\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_optimizer_step\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mbatch_idx\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    192\u001b[0m result \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m closure\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mconsume_result()\n\u001b[1;32m    193\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m result\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mloss \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/loops/optimization/automatic.py:268\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_AutomaticOptimization._optimizer_step\u001b[0;34m(self, batch_idx, train_step_and_backward_closure)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    265\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39moptim_progress\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39moptimizer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstep\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mincrement_ready()\n\u001b[1;32m    267\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# model hook\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 268\u001b[0m \u001b[43mcall\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_call_lightning_module_hook\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    269\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtrainer\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    270\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43moptimizer_step\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    271\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtrainer\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mcurrent_epoch\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    272\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mbatch_idx\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    273\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43moptimizer\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    274\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtrain_step_and_backward_closure\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    275\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    277\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m should_accumulate:\n\u001b[1;32m    278\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39moptim_progress\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39moptimizer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstep\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mincrement_completed()\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/trainer/call.py:167\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_call_lightning_module_hook\u001b[0;34m(trainer, hook_name, pl_module, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    164\u001b[0m pl_module\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_current_fx_name \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m hook_name\n\u001b[1;32m    166\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m trainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mprofiler\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mprofile(\u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m[LightningModule]\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mpl_module\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;18m__class__\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;18m__name__\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mhook_name\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m):\n\u001b[0;32m--> 167\u001b[0m     output \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mfn\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    169\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# restore current_fx when nested context\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    170\u001b[0m pl_module\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_current_fx_name \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m prev_fx_name\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/core/module.py:1306\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mLightningModule.optimizer_step\u001b[0;34m(self, epoch, batch_idx, optimizer, optimizer_closure)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1275\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21moptimizer_step\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m   1276\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m   1277\u001b[0m     epoch: \u001b[38;5;28mint\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1280\u001b[0m     optimizer_closure: Optional[Callable[[], Any]] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m,\n\u001b[1;32m   1281\u001b[0m ) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m   1282\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;250m    \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mr\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"Override this method to adjust the default way the :class:`~pytorch_lightning.trainer.trainer.Trainer` calls\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m   1283\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m    the optimizer.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m   1284\u001b[0m \n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m   1304\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m   1305\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m    \"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m-> 1306\u001b[0m     \u001b[43moptimizer\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mstep\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43moptimizer_closure\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/core/optimizer.py:153\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mLightningOptimizer.step\u001b[0;34m(self, closure, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    150\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m MisconfigurationException(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mWhen `optimizer.step(closure)` is called, the closure should be callable\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n\u001b[1;32m    152\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01massert\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_strategy \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 153\u001b[0m step_output \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_strategy\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43moptimizer_step\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_optimizer\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    155\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_on_after_step()\n\u001b[1;32m    157\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m step_output\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/strategies/strategy.py:238\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mStrategy.optimizer_step\u001b[0;34m(self, optimizer, closure, model, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    236\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# TODO(fabric): remove assertion once strategy's optimizer_step typing is fixed\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    237\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01massert\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28misinstance\u001b[39m(model, pl\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mLightningModule)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 238\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mprecision_plugin\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43moptimizer_step\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43moptimizer\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mmodel\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mmodel\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/plugins/precision/precision.py:122\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mPrecision.optimizer_step\u001b[0;34m(self, optimizer, model, closure, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    120\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;250m\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"Hook to run the optimizer step.\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    121\u001b[0m closure \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m partial(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_wrap_closure, model, optimizer, closure)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 122\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43moptimizer\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mstep\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/torch/optim/lr_scheduler.py:130\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mLRScheduler.__init__.<locals>.patch_track_step_called.<locals>.wrap_step.<locals>.wrapper\u001b[0;34m(*args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    128\u001b[0m opt \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m opt_ref()\n\u001b[1;32m    129\u001b[0m opt\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_opt_called \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m  \u001b[38;5;66;03m# type: ignore[union-attr]\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 130\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mfunc\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;21;43m__get__\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mopt\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mopt\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;18;43m__class__\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/torch/optim/optimizer.py:484\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mOptimizer.profile_hook_step.<locals>.wrapper\u001b[0;34m(*args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    479\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28;01melse\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    480\u001b[0m             \u001b[38;5;28;01mraise\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;167;01mRuntimeError\u001b[39;00m(\n\u001b[1;32m    481\u001b[0m                 \u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mfunc\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m must return None or a tuple of (new_args, new_kwargs), but got \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mresult\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    482\u001b[0m             )\n\u001b[0;32m--> 484\u001b[0m out \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mfunc\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    485\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_optimizer_step_code()\n\u001b[1;32m    487\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# call optimizer step post hooks\u001b[39;00m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/torch/optim/optimizer.py:89\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_use_grad_for_differentiable.<locals>._use_grad\u001b[0;34m(self, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     87\u001b[0m     torch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mset_grad_enabled(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mdefaults[\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mdifferentiable\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m])\n\u001b[1;32m     88\u001b[0m     torch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_dynamo\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mgraph_break()\n\u001b[0;32m---> 89\u001b[0m     ret \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mfunc\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m     90\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mfinally\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m     91\u001b[0m     torch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_dynamo\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mgraph_break()\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/torch/optim/adam.py:205\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mAdam.step\u001b[0;34m(self, closure)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    203\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m closure \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    204\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m torch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39menable_grad():\n\u001b[0;32m--> 205\u001b[0m         loss \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    207\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m group \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mparam_groups:\n\u001b[1;32m    208\u001b[0m     params_with_grad: List[Tensor] \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m []\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/plugins/precision/precision.py:108\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mPrecision._wrap_closure\u001b[0;34m(self, model, optimizer, closure)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     95\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21m_wrap_closure\u001b[39m(\n\u001b[1;32m     96\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m     97\u001b[0m     model: \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mpl.LightningModule\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m,\n\u001b[1;32m     98\u001b[0m     optimizer: Steppable,\n\u001b[1;32m     99\u001b[0m     closure: Callable[[], Any],\n\u001b[1;32m    100\u001b[0m ) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m Any:\n\u001b[1;32m    101\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;250m    \u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"This double-closure allows makes sure the ``closure`` is executed before the ``on_before_optimizer_step``\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    102\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m    hook is called.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    103\u001b[0m \n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    106\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m    107\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m    \"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m--> 108\u001b[0m     closure_result \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    109\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_after_closure(model, optimizer)\n\u001b[1;32m    110\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m closure_result\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/loops/optimization/automatic.py:144\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mClosure.__call__\u001b[0;34m(self, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    142\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;129m@override\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    143\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21m__call__\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39margs: Any, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39mkwargs: Any) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m Optional[Tensor]:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 144\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_result \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mclosure\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    145\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_result\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mloss\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/torch/utils/_contextlib.py:116\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mcontext_decorator.<locals>.decorate_context\u001b[0;34m(*args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    113\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;129m@functools\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mwraps(func)\n\u001b[1;32m    114\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mdecorate_context\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39margs, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39mkwargs):\n\u001b[1;32m    115\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m ctx_factory():\n\u001b[0;32m--> 116\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[43mfunc\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/loops/optimization/automatic.py:129\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mClosure.closure\u001b[0;34m(self, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    126\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;129m@override\u001b[39m\n\u001b[1;32m    127\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;129m@torch\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39menable_grad()\n\u001b[1;32m    128\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mclosure\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39margs: Any, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39mkwargs: Any) \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m ClosureResult:\n\u001b[0;32m--> 129\u001b[0m     step_output \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_step_fn\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    131\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m step_output\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mclosure_loss \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n\u001b[1;32m    132\u001b[0m         \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mwarning_cache\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mwarn(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m`training_step` returned `None`. If this was on purpose, ignore this warning...\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m)\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/loops/optimization/automatic.py:317\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_AutomaticOptimization._training_step\u001b[0;34m(self, kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    306\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;250m\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"Performs the actual train step with the tied hooks.\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    307\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m    308\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03mArgs:\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[0;32m   (...)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    313\u001b[0m \n\u001b[1;32m    314\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;124;03m\"\"\"\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    315\u001b[0m trainer \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mtrainer\n\u001b[0;32m--> 317\u001b[0m training_step_output \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mcall\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m_call_strategy_hook\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mtrainer\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43mtraining_step\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;124;43m\"\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mvalues\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    318\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mtrainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstrategy\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mpost_training_step()  \u001b[38;5;66;03m# unused hook - call anyway for backward compatibility\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    320\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m training_step_output \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mand\u001b[39;00m trainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mworld_size \u001b[38;5;241m>\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m:\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/trainer/call.py:319\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36m_call_strategy_hook\u001b[0;34m(trainer, hook_name, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    316\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    318\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mwith\u001b[39;00m trainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mprofiler\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mprofile(\u001b[38;5;124mf\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m[Strategy]\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mtrainer\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mstrategy\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;18m__class__\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;18m__name__\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m.\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;132;01m{\u001b[39;00mhook_name\u001b[38;5;132;01m}\u001b[39;00m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m):\n\u001b[0;32m--> 319\u001b[0m     output \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mfn\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    321\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;66;03m# restore current_fx when nested context\u001b[39;00m\n\u001b[1;32m    322\u001b[0m pl_module\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_current_fx_name \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m prev_fx_name\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/.venv/lib/python3.12/site-packages/pytorch_lightning/strategies/strategy.py:390\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mStrategy.training_step\u001b[0;34m(self, *args, **kwargs)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    388\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmodel \u001b[38;5;241m!=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlightning_module:\n\u001b[1;32m    389\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39m_forward_redirection(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mmodel, \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlightning_module, \u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mtraining_step\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39margs, \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39mkwargs)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 390\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mlightning_module\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mtraining_step\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43margs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mkwargs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/batdetect2/train/modules.py:167\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mDetectorModel.training_step\u001b[0;34m(self, batch)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    165\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mdef\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;21mtraining_step\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m, batch: TrainExample):\n\u001b[1;32m    166\u001b[0m     outputs \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28mself\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mforward(batch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mspec)\n\u001b[0;32m--> 167\u001b[0m     loss \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mcompute_loss\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43moutputs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mbatch\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    168\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m loss\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/batdetect2/train/modules.py:150\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mDetectorModel.compute_loss\u001b[0;34m(self, outputs, batch)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m    147\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28mprint\u001b[39m(\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124mclass props shape\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;124m\"\u001b[39m, outputs\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mclass_probs\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mshape)\n\u001b[1;32m    149\u001b[0m valid_mask \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m batch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mclass_heatmap\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39many(dim\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m, keepdim\u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m\u001b[38;5;28;01mTrue\u001b[39;00m)\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mfloat()\n\u001b[0;32m--> 150\u001b[0m classification_loss \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mlosses\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mfocal_loss\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    151\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43moutputs\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mclass_probs\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    152\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mbatch\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mclass_heatmap\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    153\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mweights\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;28;43mself\u001b[39;49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mclass_weights\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    154\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mvalid_mask\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mvalid_mask\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    155\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43mbeta\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mconf\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mclassification\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mfocal\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mbeta\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    156\u001b[0m \u001b[43m    \u001b[49m\u001b[43malpha\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m=\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mconf\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mclassification\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mfocal\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43malpha\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    157\u001b[0m \u001b[43m\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m    159\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mreturn\u001b[39;00m (\n\u001b[1;32m    160\u001b[0m     detection_loss \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m conf\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mdetection\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mweight\n\u001b[1;32m    161\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m size_loss \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m conf\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39msize\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mweight\n\u001b[1;32m    162\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m classification_loss \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m conf\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mclassification\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mweight\n\u001b[1;32m    163\u001b[0m )\n",
-      "File \u001b[0;32m~/Software/bat_detectors/batdetect2/batdetect2/train/losses.py:38\u001b[0m, in \u001b[0;36mfocal_loss\u001b[0;34m(pred, gt, weights, valid_mask, eps, beta, alpha)\u001b[0m\n\u001b[1;32m     35\u001b[0m pos_inds \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m gt\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39meq(\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m)\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mfloat()\n\u001b[1;32m     36\u001b[0m neg_inds \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m gt\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlt(\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m)\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mfloat()\n\u001b[0;32m---> 38\u001b[0m pos_loss \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m \u001b[43mtorch\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mlog\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[43mpred\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m+\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43meps\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mtorch\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43mpow\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m1\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m-\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mpred\u001b[49m\u001b[43m,\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43malpha\u001b[49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m*\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m \u001b[49m\u001b[43mpos_inds\u001b[49m\n\u001b[1;32m     39\u001b[0m neg_loss \u001b[38;5;241m=\u001b[39m (\n\u001b[1;32m     40\u001b[0m     torch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mlog(\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m pred \u001b[38;5;241m+\u001b[39m eps)\n\u001b[1;32m     41\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m torch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mpow(pred, alpha)\n\u001b[1;32m     42\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m torch\u001b[38;5;241m.\u001b[39mpow(\u001b[38;5;241m1\u001b[39m \u001b[38;5;241m-\u001b[39m gt, beta)\n\u001b[1;32m     43\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;241m*\u001b[39m neg_inds\n\u001b[1;32m     44\u001b[0m )\n\u001b[1;32m     46\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mif\u001b[39;00m weights \u001b[38;5;129;01mis\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;129;01mnot\u001b[39;00m \u001b[38;5;28;01mNone\u001b[39;00m:\n",
-      "\u001b[0;31mRuntimeError\u001b[0m: The size of tensor a (5) must match the size of tensor b (4) at non-singleton dimension 1"
-     ]
-    }
-   ],
-   "source": [
-    "trainer.fit(detector, train_dataloaders=train_dataloader)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "id": "2f6924db-e520-49a1-bbe8-6c4956e46314",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.811729Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.811955Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.811858Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.811849Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "clip_annotation = train_dataset.get_clip_annotation(0)"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "id": "23943e13-6875-49b8-9f18-2ba6528aa673",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.812924Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.813260Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.813104Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.813087Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "spec = detector.compute_spectrogram(clip_annotation.clip)\n",
-    "outputs = detector(torch.tensor(spec.values).unsqueeze(0).unsqueeze(0))"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "id": "dd1fe346-0873-4b14-ae1b-92ef1f4f27a5",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.814343Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.814806Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.814628Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.814611Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "_, ax= plt.subplots(figsize=(15, 5))\n",
-    "spec.plot(ax=ax, add_colorbar=False)\n",
-    "ax.pcolormesh(spec.time, spec.frequency, outputs.detection_probs.detach().squeeze())"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "id": "eadd36ef-a04a-4665-b703-cec84cf1673b",
-   "metadata": {
-    "execution": {
-     "iopub.status.busy": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.815603Z",
-     "iopub.status.idle": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.816065Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.815894Z",
-     "shell.execute_reply.started": "2024-11-19T17:33:10.815877Z"
-    }
-   },
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": [
-    "print(f\"Num predicted soundevents: {len(predictions.sound_events)}\")"
-   ]
-  },
-  {
-   "cell_type": "code",
-   "execution_count": null,
-   "id": "e4e54f3e-6ddc-4fe5-8ce0-b527ff6f18ae",
-   "metadata": {},
-   "outputs": [],
-   "source": []
-  }
- ],
- "metadata": {
-  "kernelspec": {
-   "display_name": "batdetect2-dev",
-   "language": "python",
-   "name": "batdetect2-dev"
-  },
-  "language_info": {
-   "codemirror_mode": {
-    "name": "ipython",
-    "version": 3
-   },
-   "file_extension": ".py",
-   "mimetype": "text/x-python",
-   "name": "python",
-   "nbconvert_exporter": "python",
-   "pygments_lexer": "ipython3",
-   "version": "3.12.5"
-  }
- },
- "nbformat": 4,
- "nbformat_minor": 5
-}

notebooks/data.py

@@ -1,194 +0,0 @@
-import marimo
-
-__generated_with = "0.14.16"
-app = marimo.App(width="medium")
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    import marimo as mo
-    return (mo,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    from batdetect2.data import (
-        load_dataset_config,
-        load_dataset,
-        extract_recordings_df,
-        extract_sound_events_df,
-        compute_class_summary,
-    )
-    return (
-        compute_class_summary,
-        extract_recordings_df,
-        extract_sound_events_df,
-        load_dataset,
-        load_dataset_config,
-    )
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(mo):
-    dataset_config_browser = mo.ui.file_browser(
-        selection_mode="file",
-        multiple=False,
-    )
-    dataset_config_browser
-    return (dataset_config_browser,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset_config_browser, load_dataset_config, mo):
-    mo.stop(dataset_config_browser.path() is None)
-    dataset_config = load_dataset_config(dataset_config_browser.path())
-    return (dataset_config,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset_config, load_dataset):
-    dataset = load_dataset(dataset_config, base_dir="../paper/")
-    return (dataset,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    from batdetect2.targets import load_target_config, build_targets
-    return build_targets, load_target_config
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(mo):
-    targets_config_browser = mo.ui.file_browser(
-        selection_mode="file",
-        multiple=False,
-    )
-    targets_config_browser
-    return (targets_config_browser,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(load_target_config, mo, targets_config_browser):
-    mo.stop(targets_config_browser.path() is None)
-    targets_config = load_target_config(targets_config_browser.path())
-    return (targets_config,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(build_targets, targets_config):
-    targets = build_targets(targets_config)
-    return (targets,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    import pandas as pd
-    from soundevent.geometry import compute_bounds
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset, extract_recordings_df):
-    recordings = extract_recordings_df(dataset)
-    recordings
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset, extract_sound_events_df, targets):
-    sound_events = extract_sound_events_df(dataset, targets)
-    sound_events
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(compute_class_summary, dataset, targets):
-    compute_class_summary(dataset, targets)
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    from batdetect2.data.split import split_dataset_by_recordings
-    return (split_dataset_by_recordings,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset, split_dataset_by_recordings, targets):
-    train_dataset, val_dataset = split_dataset_by_recordings(dataset, targets, random_state=42)
-    return train_dataset, val_dataset
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(compute_class_summary, targets, train_dataset):
-    compute_class_summary(train_dataset, targets)
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(compute_class_summary, targets, val_dataset):
-    compute_class_summary(val_dataset, targets)
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    from soundevent import io, data
-    from pathlib import Path
-    return Path, data, io
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(Path, data, io, train_dataset):
-    io.save(
-        data.AnnotationSet(
-            name="batdetect2_tuning_train",
-            description="Set of annotations used as the train dataset for the hyper-parameter tuning stage.",
-            clip_annotations=train_dataset,
-        ),
-        Path("../paper/data/datasets/annotation_sets/tuning_train.json"),
-        audio_dir=Path("../paper/data/datasets/"),
-    )
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(Path, data, io, val_dataset):
-    io.save(
-        data.AnnotationSet(
-            name="batdetect2_tuning_val",
-            description="Set of annotations used as the validation dataset for the hyper-parameter tuning stage.",
-            clip_annotations=val_dataset,
-        ),
-        Path("../paper/data/datasets/annotation_sets/tuning_val.json"),
-        audio_dir=Path("../paper/data/datasets/"),
-    )
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(load_dataset, load_dataset_config):
-    config = load_dataset_config("../paper/conf/datasets/train/uk_tune.yaml")
-    rec = load_dataset(config, base_dir="../paper/")
-    return (rec,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(rec):
-    dict(rec[0].sound_events[0].tags[0].term)
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(compute_class_summary, rec, targets):
-    compute_class_summary(rec,targets)
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    return
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    app.run()

notebooks/plotting.py

@@ -1,273 +0,0 @@
-import marimo
-
-__generated_with = "0.14.16"
-app = marimo.App(width="medium")
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    import marimo as mo
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    from batdetect2.data import load_dataset_config, load_dataset
-    from batdetect2.preprocess import load_preprocessing_config, build_preprocessor
-    from batdetect2 import api
-    from soundevent import data
-    from batdetect2.evaluate.types import MatchEvaluation
-    from batdetect2.types import Annotation
-    from batdetect2.compat import annotation_to_sound_event_prediction
-    from batdetect2.plotting import (
-        plot_clip,
-        plot_clip_annotation,
-        plot_clip_prediction,
-        plot_matches,
-        plot_false_positive_match,
-        plot_false_negative_match,
-        plot_true_positive_match,
-        plot_cross_trigger_match,
-    )
-    return (
-        MatchEvaluation,
-        annotation_to_sound_event_prediction,
-        api,
-        build_preprocessor,
-        data,
-        load_dataset,
-        load_dataset_config,
-        load_preprocessing_config,
-        plot_clip_annotation,
-        plot_clip_prediction,
-        plot_cross_trigger_match,
-        plot_false_negative_match,
-        plot_false_positive_match,
-        plot_matches,
-        plot_true_positive_match,
-    )
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(build_preprocessor, load_dataset_config, load_preprocessing_config):
-    dataset_config = load_dataset_config(
-        path="example_data/config.yaml", field="datasets.train"
-    )
-
-    preprocessor_config = load_preprocessing_config(
-        path="example_data/config.yaml", field="preprocess"
-    )
-
-    preprocessor = build_preprocessor(preprocessor_config)
-    return dataset_config, preprocessor
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset_config, load_dataset):
-    dataset = load_dataset(dataset_config)
-    return (dataset,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset):
-    clip_annotation = dataset[1]
-    return (clip_annotation,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(clip_annotation, plot_clip_annotation, preprocessor):
-    plot_clip_annotation(
-        clip_annotation, preprocessor=preprocessor, figsize=(15, 5)
-    )
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(annotation_to_sound_event_prediction, api, clip_annotation, data):
-    audio = api.load_audio(clip_annotation.clip.recording.path)
-    detections, features, spec = api.process_audio(audio)
-    clip_prediction = data.ClipPrediction(
-        clip=clip_annotation.clip,
-        sound_events=[
-            annotation_to_sound_event_prediction(
-                prediction, clip_annotation.clip.recording
-            )
-            for prediction in detections
-        ],
-    )
-    return (clip_prediction,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(clip_prediction, plot_clip_prediction):
-    plot_clip_prediction(clip_prediction, figsize=(15, 5))
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    from batdetect2.evaluate import match_predictions_and_annotations
-    import random
-    return match_predictions_and_annotations, random
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(data, random):
-    def add_noise(clip_annotation, time_buffer=0.003, freq_buffer=1000):
-        def _add_bbox_noise(bbox):
-            start_time, low_freq, end_time, high_freq = bbox.coordinates
-            return data.BoundingBox(
-                coordinates=[
-                    start_time + random.uniform(-time_buffer, time_buffer),
-                    low_freq + random.uniform(-freq_buffer, freq_buffer),
-                    end_time + random.uniform(-time_buffer, time_buffer),
-                    high_freq + random.uniform(-freq_buffer, freq_buffer),
-                ]
-            )
-
-        def _add_noise(se):
-            return se.model_copy(
-                update=dict(
-                    sound_event=se.sound_event.model_copy(
-                        update=dict(
-                            geometry=_add_bbox_noise(se.sound_event.geometry)
-                        )
-                    )
-                )
-            )
-
-        return clip_annotation.model_copy(
-            update=dict(
-                sound_events=[
-                    _add_noise(se) for se in clip_annotation.sound_events
-                ]
-            )
-        )
-
-
-    def drop_random(obj, p=0.5):
-        return obj.model_copy(
-            update=dict(
-                sound_events=[se for se in obj.sound_events if random.random() > p]
-            )
-        )
-    return add_noise, drop_random
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(
-    add_noise,
-    clip_annotation,
-    clip_prediction,
-    drop_random,
-    match_predictions_and_annotations,
-):
-
-
-    matches = match_predictions_and_annotations(
-        drop_random(add_noise(clip_annotation), p=0.2),
-        drop_random(clip_prediction),
-    )
-    return (matches,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(clip_annotation, matches, plot_matches):
-    plot_matches(matches, clip_annotation.clip, figsize=(15, 5))
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(matches):
-    true_positives = []
-    false_positives = []
-    false_negatives = []
-
-    for match in matches:
-        if match.source is None and match.target is not None:
-            false_negatives.append(match)
-        elif match.target is None and match.source is not None:
-            false_positives.append(match)
-        elif match.target is not None and match.source is not None:
-            true_positives.append(match)
-        else:
-            continue
-
-    return false_negatives, false_positives, true_positives
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(MatchEvaluation, false_positives, plot_false_positive_match):
-    false_positive = false_positives[0]
-    false_positive_eval = MatchEvaluation(
-        match=false_positive,
-        gt_det=False,
-        gt_class=None,
-        pred_score=false_positive.source.score,
-        pred_class_scores={
-            "myomyo": 0.2
-        }
-    )
-
-    plot_false_positive_match(false_positive_eval)
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(MatchEvaluation, false_negatives, plot_false_negative_match):
-    false_negative = false_negatives[0]
-    false_negative_eval = MatchEvaluation(
-        match=false_negative,
-        gt_det=True,
-        gt_class="myomyo",
-        pred_score=None,
-        pred_class_scores={}
-    )
-
-    plot_false_negative_match(false_negative_eval)
-
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(MatchEvaluation, plot_true_positive_match, true_positives):
-    true_positive = true_positives[0]
-    true_positive_eval = MatchEvaluation(
-        match=true_positive,
-        gt_det=True,
-        gt_class="myomyo",
-        pred_score=0.87,
-        pred_class_scores={
-            "pyomyo": 0.84,
-            "pippip": 0.84,
-        }
-    )
-
-    plot_true_positive_match(true_positive_eval)
-    return (true_positive,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(MatchEvaluation, plot_cross_trigger_match, true_positive):
-    cross_trigger_eval = MatchEvaluation(
-        match=true_positive,
-        gt_det=True,
-        gt_class="myomyo",
-        pred_score=0.87,
-        pred_class_scores={
-            "pippip": 0.84,
-            "myomyo": 0.84,
-        }
-    )
-
-    plot_cross_trigger_match(cross_trigger_eval)
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    return
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    app.run()

notebooks/signal_generation.py

@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-import marimo
-
-__generated_with = "0.13.15"
-app = marimo.App(width="medium")
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    from batdetect2.preprocess import build_preprocessor
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    return
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    app.run()

notebooks/targets.py

@@ -1,97 +0,0 @@
-import marimo
-
-__generated_with = "0.14.5"
-app = marimo.App(width="medium")
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    import marimo as mo
-    return (mo,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    from batdetect2.data import load_dataset, load_dataset_config
-    return load_dataset, load_dataset_config
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(mo):
-    dataset_input = mo.ui.file_browser(label="dataset config file")
-    dataset_input
-    return (dataset_input,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(mo):
-    audio_dir_input = mo.ui.file_browser(
-        label="audio directory", selection_mode="directory"
-    )
-    audio_dir_input
-    return (audio_dir_input,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset_input, load_dataset_config):
-    dataset_config = load_dataset_config(
-        path=dataset_input.path(), field="datasets.train",
-    )
-    return (dataset_config,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(audio_dir_input, dataset_config, load_dataset):
-    dataset = load_dataset(dataset_config, base_dir=audio_dir_input.path())
-    return (dataset,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset):
-    len(dataset)
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(dataset):
-    tag_groups = [
-        se.tags
-        for clip in dataset
-        for se in clip.sound_events
-        if se.tags
-    ]
-    all_tags = [
-        tag for group in tag_groups for tag in group
-    ]
-    return (all_tags,)
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(mo):
-    key_search = mo.ui.text(label="key", debounce=0.1)
-    value_search = mo.ui.text(label="value", debounce=0.1)
-    mo.hstack([key_search, value_search]).left()
-    return key_search, value_search
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _(all_tags, key_search, mo, value_search):
-    filtered_tags = list(set(all_tags))
-
-    if key_search.value:
-        filtered_tags = [tag for tag in filtered_tags if key_search.value.lower() in tag.key.lower()]
-
-    if value_search.value:
-        filtered_tags = [tag for tag in filtered_tags if value_search.value.lower() in tag.value.lower()]
-
-    mo.vstack([mo.md(f"key={tag.key} value={tag.value}") for tag in filtered_tags[:5]])
-    return
-
-
-@app.cell
-def _():
-    return
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    app.run()

pyproject.toml

@@ -25,14 +25,14 @@ dependencies = [
   "scikit-learn>=1.2.2",
   "scipy>=1.10.1",
   "seaborn>=0.13.2",
-  "soundevent[audio,geometry,plot]>=2.9.1",
+  "soundevent[audio,geometry,plot]>=2.10.0",
   "tensorboard>=2.16.2",
   "torch>=1.13.1",
   "torchaudio>=1.13.1",
   "torchvision>=0.14.0",
   "tqdm>=4.66.2",
 ]
-requires-python = ">=3.9,<3.13"
+requires-python = ">=3.10,<3.14"
 readme = "README.md"
 license = { text = "CC-by-nc-4" }
 classifiers = [
@@ -75,7 +75,6 @@ dev = [
   "ruff>=0.7.3",
   "ipykernel>=6.29.4",
   "setuptools>=69.5.1",
-  "basedpyright>=1.31.0",
   "myst-parser>=3.0.1",
   "sphinx-autobuild>=2024.10.3",
   "numpydoc>=1.8.0",
@@ -87,13 +86,24 @@ dev = [
   "rust-just>=1.40.0",
   "pandas-stubs>=2.2.2.240807",
   "python-lsp-server>=1.13.0",
+  "deepdiff>=8.6.1",
 ]
 dvclive = ["dvclive>=3.48.2"]
 mlflow = ["mlflow>=3.1.1"]
+gradio = [
+    "gradio>=6.9.0",
+]
 
 [tool.ruff]
 line-length = 79
-target-version = "py39"
+target-version = "py310"
+exclude = [
+  "src/batdetect2/train/legacy",
+  "src/batdetect2/plotting/legacy",
+  "src/batdetect2/evaluate/legacy",
+  "src/batdetect2/finetune",
+  "src/batdetect2/utils",
+]
 
 [tool.ruff.format]
 docstring-code-format = true
@@ -105,15 +115,12 @@ select = ["E4", "E7", "E9", "F", "B", "Q", "I", "NPY201"]
 [tool.ruff.lint.pydocstyle]
 convention = "numpy"
 
-[tool.pyright]
+[tool.ty.src]
 include = ["src", "tests"]
-pythonVersion = "3.9"
-pythonPlatform = "All"
 exclude = [
-  "src/batdetect2/detector/",
+  "src/batdetect2/train/legacy",
+  "src/batdetect2/plotting/legacy",
+  "src/batdetect2/evaluate/legacy",
   "src/batdetect2/finetune",
   "src/batdetect2/utils",
-  "src/batdetect2/plot",
-  "src/batdetect2/evaluate/legacy",
-  "src/batdetect2/train/legacy",
 ]

src/batdetect2/api.py

@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ consult the API documentation in the code.
 """
 
 import warnings
-from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import numpy as np
 import torch
@@ -165,7 +164,7 @@ def load_audio(
     time_exp_fact: float = 1,
     target_samp_rate: int = TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ,
     scale: bool = False,
-    max_duration: Optional[float] = None,
+    max_duration: float | None = None,
 ) -> np.ndarray:
     """Load audio from file.
 
@@ -203,7 +202,7 @@ def load_audio(
 def generate_spectrogram(
     audio: np.ndarray,
     samp_rate: int = TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ,
-    config: Optional[SpectrogramParameters] = None,
+    config: SpectrogramParameters | None = None,
     device: torch.device = DEVICE,
 ) -> torch.Tensor:
     """Generate spectrogram from audio array.
@@ -240,7 +239,7 @@ def generate_spectrogram(
 def process_file(
     audio_file: str,
     model: DetectionModel = MODEL,
-    config: Optional[ProcessingConfiguration] = None,
+    config: ProcessingConfiguration | None = None,
     device: torch.device = DEVICE,
 ) -> du.RunResults:
     """Process audio file with model.
@@ -271,8 +270,8 @@ def process_spectrogram(
     spec: torch.Tensor,
     samp_rate: int = TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ,
     model: DetectionModel = MODEL,
-    config: Optional[ProcessingConfiguration] = None,
+    config: ProcessingConfiguration | None = None,
-) -> Tuple[List[Annotation], np.ndarray]:
+) -> tuple[list[Annotation], np.ndarray]:
     """Process spectrogram with model.
 
     Parameters
@@ -312,9 +311,9 @@ def process_audio(
     audio: np.ndarray,
     samp_rate: int = TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ,
     model: DetectionModel = MODEL,
-    config: Optional[ProcessingConfiguration] = None,
+    config: ProcessingConfiguration | None = None,
     device: torch.device = DEVICE,
-) -> Tuple[List[Annotation], np.ndarray, torch.Tensor]:
+) -> tuple[list[Annotation], np.ndarray, torch.Tensor]:
     """Process audio array with model.
 
     Parameters
@@ -356,8 +355,8 @@ def process_audio(
 def postprocess(
     outputs: ModelOutput,
     samp_rate: int = TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ,
-    config: Optional[ProcessingConfiguration] = None,
+    config: ProcessingConfiguration | None = None,
-) -> Tuple[List[Annotation], np.ndarray]:
+) -> tuple[list[Annotation], np.ndarray]:
     """Postprocess model outputs.
 
     Convert model tensor outputs to predicted bounding boxes and

src/batdetect2/api_v2.py

@@ -1,59 +1,90 @@
-import json
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
+from typing import Literal, Sequence, cast
 
 import numpy as np
 import torch
 from soundevent import data
 from soundevent.audio.files import get_audio_files
 
-from batdetect2.audio import build_audio_loader
+from batdetect2.audio import AudioConfig, AudioLoader, build_audio_loader
 from batdetect2.config import BatDetect2Config
-from batdetect2.core import merge_configs
+from batdetect2.data import Dataset, load_dataset_from_config
-from batdetect2.data import (
+from batdetect2.evaluate import (
-    OutputFormatConfig,
+    DEFAULT_EVAL_DIR,
-    build_output_formatter,
+    EvaluationConfig,
-    get_output_formatter,
+    EvaluatorProtocol,
-    load_dataset_from_config,
+    build_evaluator,
+    run_evaluate,
+    save_evaluation_results,
 )
-from batdetect2.data.datasets import Dataset
+from batdetect2.inference import (
-from batdetect2.data.predictions.base import OutputFormatterProtocol
+    InferenceConfig,
-from batdetect2.evaluate import DEFAULT_EVAL_DIR, build_evaluator, evaluate
+    process_file_list,
-from batdetect2.inference import process_file_list, run_batch_inference
+    run_batch_inference,
-from batdetect2.logging import DEFAULT_LOGS_DIR
+)
-from batdetect2.models import Model, build_model
+from batdetect2.logging import (
-from batdetect2.postprocess import build_postprocessor, to_raw_predictions
+    DEFAULT_LOGS_DIR,
-from batdetect2.preprocess import build_preprocessor
+    AppLoggingConfig,
-from batdetect2.targets import build_targets
+    LoggerConfig,
+)
+from batdetect2.models import (
+    Model,
+    ModelConfig,
+    build_model,
+    build_model_with_new_targets,
+)
+from batdetect2.models.detectors import Detector
+from batdetect2.outputs import (
+    OutputFormatConfig,
+    OutputFormatterProtocol,
+    OutputsConfig,
+    OutputTransformProtocol,
+    build_output_formatter,
+    build_output_transform,
+    get_output_formatter,
+)
+from batdetect2.postprocess import (
+    ClipDetections,
+    Detection,
+    PostprocessorProtocol,
+    build_postprocessor,
+)
+from batdetect2.preprocess import PreprocessorProtocol, build_preprocessor
+from batdetect2.targets import TargetConfig, TargetProtocol, build_targets
 from batdetect2.train import (
     DEFAULT_CHECKPOINT_DIR,
+    TrainingConfig,
     load_model_from_checkpoint,
-    train,
+    run_train,
-)
-from batdetect2.typing import (
-    AudioLoader,
-    BatDetect2Prediction,
-    EvaluatorProtocol,
-    PostprocessorProtocol,
-    PreprocessorProtocol,
-    RawPrediction,
-    TargetProtocol,
 )
 
 
 class BatDetect2API:
     def __init__(
         self,
-        config: BatDetect2Config,
+        model_config: ModelConfig,
+        audio_config: AudioConfig,
+        train_config: TrainingConfig,
+        evaluation_config: EvaluationConfig,
+        inference_config: InferenceConfig,
+        outputs_config: OutputsConfig,
+        logging_config: AppLoggingConfig,
         targets: TargetProtocol,
         audio_loader: AudioLoader,
         preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol,
         postprocessor: PostprocessorProtocol,
         evaluator: EvaluatorProtocol,
         formatter: OutputFormatterProtocol,
+        output_transform: OutputTransformProtocol,
         model: Model,
     ):
-        self.config = config
+        self.model_config = model_config
+        self.audio_config = audio_config
+        self.train_config = train_config
+        self.evaluation_config = evaluation_config
+        self.inference_config = inference_config
+        self.outputs_config = outputs_config
+        self.logging_config = logging_config
         self.targets = targets
         self.audio_loader = audio_loader
         self.preprocessor = preprocessor
@@ -61,34 +92,40 @@ class BatDetect2API:
         self.evaluator = evaluator
         self.model = model
         self.formatter = formatter
+        self.output_transform = output_transform
 
         self.model.eval()
 
     def load_annotations(
         self,
         path: data.PathLike,
-        base_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+        base_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
     ) -> Dataset:
         return load_dataset_from_config(path, base_dir=base_dir)
 
     def train(
         self,
         train_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
-        val_annotations: Optional[Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation]] = None,
+        val_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation] | None = None,
-        train_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+        train_workers: int = 0,
-        val_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+        val_workers: int = 0,
-        checkpoint_dir: Optional[Path] = DEFAULT_CHECKPOINT_DIR,
+        checkpoint_dir: Path | None = DEFAULT_CHECKPOINT_DIR,
-        log_dir: Optional[Path] = DEFAULT_LOGS_DIR,
+        log_dir: Path | None = DEFAULT_LOGS_DIR,
-        experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        experiment_name: str | None = None,
-        num_epochs: Optional[int] = None,
+        num_epochs: int | None = None,
-        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_name: str | None = None,
-        seed: Optional[int] = None,
+        seed: int | None = None,
+        model_config: ModelConfig | None = None,
+        audio_config: AudioConfig | None = None,
+        train_config: TrainingConfig | None = None,
+        logger_config: LoggerConfig | None = None,
     ):
-        train(
+        run_train(
             train_annotations=train_annotations,
             val_annotations=val_annotations,
+            model=self.model,
             targets=self.targets,
-            config=self.config,
+            model_config=model_config or self.model_config,
             audio_loader=self.audio_loader,
             preprocessor=self.preprocessor,
             train_workers=train_workers,
@@ -99,25 +136,81 @@ class BatDetect2API:
             experiment_name=experiment_name,
             run_name=run_name,
             seed=seed,
+            train_config=train_config or self.train_config,
+            audio_config=audio_config or self.audio_config,
+            logger_config=logger_config or self.logging_config.train,
+        )
+        return self
+
+    def finetune(
+        self,
+        train_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
+        val_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation] | None = None,
+        trainable: Literal[
+            "all", "heads", "classifier_head", "bbox_head"
+        ] = "heads",
+        train_workers: int = 0,
+        val_workers: int = 0,
+        checkpoint_dir: Path | None = DEFAULT_CHECKPOINT_DIR,
+        log_dir: Path | None = DEFAULT_LOGS_DIR,
+        experiment_name: str | None = None,
+        num_epochs: int | None = None,
+        run_name: str | None = None,
+        seed: int | None = None,
+        model_config: ModelConfig | None = None,
+        audio_config: AudioConfig | None = None,
+        train_config: TrainingConfig | None = None,
+        logger_config: LoggerConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> "BatDetect2API":
+        """Fine-tune the model with trainable-parameter selection."""
+
+        self._set_trainable_parameters(trainable)
+
+        run_train(
+            train_annotations=train_annotations,
+            val_annotations=val_annotations,
+            model=self.model,
+            targets=self.targets,
+            model_config=model_config or self.model_config,
+            preprocessor=self.preprocessor,
+            audio_loader=self.audio_loader,
+            train_workers=train_workers,
+            val_workers=val_workers,
+            checkpoint_dir=checkpoint_dir,
+            log_dir=log_dir,
+            experiment_name=experiment_name,
+            num_epochs=num_epochs,
+            run_name=run_name,
+            seed=seed,
+            audio_config=audio_config or self.audio_config,
+            train_config=train_config or self.train_config,
+            logger_config=logger_config or self.logging_config.train,
         )
         return self
 
     def evaluate(
         self,
         test_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
-        num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+        num_workers: int = 0,
         output_dir: data.PathLike = DEFAULT_EVAL_DIR,
-        experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        experiment_name: str | None = None,
-        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_name: str | None = None,
         save_predictions: bool = True,
-    ) -> Tuple[Dict[str, float], List[List[RawPrediction]]]:
+        audio_config: AudioConfig | None = None,
-        return evaluate(
+        evaluation_config: EvaluationConfig | None = None,
+        outputs_config: OutputsConfig | None = None,
+        logger_config: LoggerConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> tuple[dict[str, float], list[ClipDetections]]:
+        return run_evaluate(
             self.model,
             test_annotations,
             targets=self.targets,
             audio_loader=self.audio_loader,
             preprocessor=self.preprocessor,
-            config=self.config,
+            audio_config=audio_config or self.audio_config,
+            evaluation_config=evaluation_config or self.evaluation_config,
+            output_config=outputs_config or self.outputs_config,
+            logger_config=logger_config or self.logging_config.evaluation,
             num_workers=num_workers,
             output_dir=output_dir,
             experiment_name=experiment_name,
@@ -128,8 +221,8 @@ class BatDetect2API:
     def evaluate_predictions(
         self,
         annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
-        predictions: Sequence[BatDetect2Prediction],
+        predictions: Sequence[ClipDetections],
-        output_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+        output_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
     ):
         clip_evals = self.evaluator.evaluate(
             annotations,
@@ -139,30 +232,66 @@ class BatDetect2API:
         metrics = self.evaluator.compute_metrics(clip_evals)
 
         if output_dir is not None:
-            output_dir = Path(output_dir)
+            save_evaluation_results(
-
+                metrics=metrics,
-            if not output_dir.is_dir():
+                plots=self.evaluator.generate_plots(clip_evals),
-                output_dir.mkdir(parents=True)
+                output_dir=output_dir,
-
+            )
-            metrics_path = output_dir / "metrics.json"
-            metrics_path.write_text(json.dumps(metrics))
-
-            for figure_name, fig in self.evaluator.generate_plots(clip_evals):
-                fig_path = output_dir / figure_name
-
-                if not fig_path.parent.is_dir():
-                    fig_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True)
-
-                fig.savefig(fig_path)
 
         return metrics
 
     def load_audio(self, path: data.PathLike) -> np.ndarray:
         return self.audio_loader.load_file(path)
 
+    def load_recording(self, recording: data.Recording) -> np.ndarray:
+        return self.audio_loader.load_recording(recording)
+
     def load_clip(self, clip: data.Clip) -> np.ndarray:
         return self.audio_loader.load_clip(clip)
 
+    def get_top_class_name(self, detection: Detection) -> str:
+        """Get highest-confidence class name for one detection."""
+
+        top_index = int(np.argmax(detection.class_scores))
+        return self.targets.class_names[top_index]
+
+    def get_class_scores(
+        self,
+        detection: Detection,
+        *,
+        include_top_class: bool = True,
+        sort_descending: bool = True,
+    ) -> list[tuple[str, float]]:
+        """Get class score list as ``(class_name, score)`` pairs."""
+
+        scores = [
+            (class_name, float(score))
+            for class_name, score in zip(
+                self.targets.class_names,
+                detection.class_scores,
+                strict=True,
+            )
+        ]
+
+        if sort_descending:
+            scores.sort(key=lambda item: item[1], reverse=True)
+
+        if include_top_class:
+            return scores
+
+        top_class_name = self.get_top_class_name(detection)
+        return [
+            (class_name, score)
+            for class_name, score in scores
+            if class_name != top_class_name
+        ]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_detection_features(detection: Detection) -> np.ndarray:
+        """Get extracted feature vector for one detection."""
+
+        return detection.features
+
     def generate_spectrogram(
         self,
         audio: np.ndarray,
@@ -170,24 +299,41 @@ class BatDetect2API:
         tensor = torch.tensor(audio).unsqueeze(0)
         return self.preprocessor(tensor)
 
-    def process_file(self, audio_file: str) -> BatDetect2Prediction:
+    def process_file(
+        self,
+        audio_file: data.PathLike,
+        batch_size: int | None = None,
+    ) -> ClipDetections:
         recording = data.Recording.from_file(audio_file, compute_hash=False)
-        wav = self.audio_loader.load_recording(recording)
+
-        detections = self.process_audio(wav)
+        predictions = self.process_files(
-        return BatDetect2Prediction(
+            [audio_file],
+            batch_size=(
+                batch_size
+                if batch_size is not None
+                else self.inference_config.loader.batch_size
+            ),
+        )
+        detections = [
+            detection
+            for prediction in predictions
+            for detection in prediction.detections
+        ]
+
+        return ClipDetections(
             clip=data.Clip(
                 uuid=recording.uuid,
                 recording=recording,
                 start_time=0,
                 end_time=recording.duration,
             ),
-            predictions=detections,
+            detections=detections,
         )
 
     def process_audio(
         self,
         audio: np.ndarray,
-    ) -> List[RawPrediction]:
+    ) -> list[Detection]:
         spec = self.generate_spectrogram(audio)
         return self.process_spectrogram(spec)
 
@@ -195,7 +341,7 @@ class BatDetect2API:
         self,
         spec: torch.Tensor,
         start_time: float = 0,
-    ) -> List[RawPrediction]:
+    ) -> list[Detection]:
         if spec.ndim == 4 and spec.shape[0] > 1:
             raise ValueError("Batched spectrograms not supported.")
 
@@ -204,59 +350,74 @@ class BatDetect2API:
 
         outputs = self.model.detector(spec)
 
-        detections = self.model.postprocessor(
+        detections = self.postprocessor(
             outputs,
-            start_times=[start_time],
         )[0]
-
+        return self.output_transform.to_detections(
-        return to_raw_predictions(detections.numpy(), targets=self.targets)
+            detections=detections,
+            start_time=start_time,
+        )
 
     def process_directory(
         self,
         audio_dir: data.PathLike,
-    ) -> List[BatDetect2Prediction]:
+    ) -> list[ClipDetections]:
         files = list(get_audio_files(audio_dir))
         return self.process_files(files)
 
     def process_files(
         self,
         audio_files: Sequence[data.PathLike],
-        num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+        batch_size: int | None = None,
-    ) -> List[BatDetect2Prediction]:
+        num_workers: int = 0,
+        audio_config: AudioConfig | None = None,
+        inference_config: InferenceConfig | None = None,
+        output_config: OutputsConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> list[ClipDetections]:
         return process_file_list(
             self.model,
             audio_files,
-            config=self.config,
             targets=self.targets,
             audio_loader=self.audio_loader,
             preprocessor=self.preprocessor,
+            output_transform=self.output_transform,
+            batch_size=batch_size,
             num_workers=num_workers,
+            audio_config=audio_config or self.audio_config,
+            inference_config=inference_config or self.inference_config,
+            output_config=output_config or self.outputs_config,
         )
 
     def process_clips(
         self,
         clips: Sequence[data.Clip],
-        batch_size: Optional[int] = None,
+        batch_size: int | None = None,
-        num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+        num_workers: int = 0,
-    ) -> List[BatDetect2Prediction]:
+        audio_config: AudioConfig | None = None,
+        inference_config: InferenceConfig | None = None,
+        output_config: OutputsConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> list[ClipDetections]:
         return run_batch_inference(
             self.model,
             clips,
             targets=self.targets,
             audio_loader=self.audio_loader,
             preprocessor=self.preprocessor,
-            config=self.config,
+            output_transform=self.output_transform,
             batch_size=batch_size,
             num_workers=num_workers,
+            audio_config=audio_config or self.audio_config,
+            inference_config=inference_config or self.inference_config,
+            output_config=output_config or self.outputs_config,
         )
 
     def save_predictions(
         self,
-        predictions: Sequence[BatDetect2Prediction],
+        predictions: Sequence[ClipDetections],
         path: data.PathLike,
-        audio_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+        audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
-        format: Optional[str] = None,
+        format: str | None = None,
-        config: Optional[OutputFormatConfig] = None,
+        config: OutputFormatConfig | None = None,
     ):
         formatter = self.formatter
 
@@ -274,50 +435,78 @@ class BatDetect2API:
     def load_predictions(
         self,
         path: data.PathLike,
-    ) -> List[BatDetect2Prediction]:
+        format: str | None = None,
-        return self.formatter.load(path)
+        config: OutputFormatConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> list[object]:
+        formatter = self.formatter
+
+        if format is not None or config is not None:
+            format = format or config.name  # type: ignore
+            formatter = get_output_formatter(
+                name=format,
+                targets=self.targets,
+                config=config,
+            )
+
+        return formatter.load(path)
 
     @classmethod
     def from_config(
         cls,
         config: BatDetect2Config,
-    ):
+    ) -> "BatDetect2API":
-        targets = build_targets(config=config.targets)
+        targets = build_targets(config=config.model.targets)
 
         audio_loader = build_audio_loader(config=config.audio)
 
         preprocessor = build_preprocessor(
             input_samplerate=audio_loader.samplerate,
-            config=config.preprocess,
+            config=config.model.preprocess,
         )
 
         postprocessor = build_postprocessor(
             preprocessor,
-            config=config.postprocess,
+            config=config.model.postprocess,
         )
 
-        evaluator = build_evaluator(config=config.evaluation, targets=targets)
+        formatter = build_output_formatter(
+            targets,
+            config=config.outputs.format,
+        )
+        output_transform = build_output_transform(
+            config=config.outputs.transform,
+            targets=targets,
+        )
 
-        # NOTE: Better to have a separate instance of
+        evaluator = build_evaluator(
-        # preprocessor and postprocessor as these may be moved
+            config=config.evaluation,
-        # to another device.
+            targets=targets,
+            transform=output_transform,
+        )
+
+        # NOTE: Build separate instances of preprocessor and postprocessor
+        # to avoid device mismatch errors
         model = build_model(
             config=config.model,
-            targets=targets,
+            targets=build_targets(config=config.model.targets),
             preprocessor=build_preprocessor(
                 input_samplerate=audio_loader.samplerate,
-                config=config.preprocess,
+                config=config.model.preprocess,
             ),
             postprocessor=build_postprocessor(
                 preprocessor,
-                config=config.postprocess,
+                config=config.model.postprocess,
             ),
         )
 
-        formatter = build_output_formatter(targets, config=config.output)
-
         return cls(
-            config=config,
+            model_config=config.model,
+            audio_config=config.audio,
+            train_config=config.train,
+            evaluation_config=config.evaluation,
+            inference_config=config.inference,
+            outputs_config=config.outputs,
+            logging_config=config.logging,
             targets=targets,
             audio_loader=audio_loader,
             preprocessor=preprocessor,
@@ -325,40 +514,83 @@ class BatDetect2API:
             evaluator=evaluator,
             model=model,
             formatter=formatter,
+            output_transform=output_transform,
         )
 
     @classmethod
     def from_checkpoint(
         cls,
         path: data.PathLike,
-        config: Optional[BatDetect2Config] = None,
+        targets_config: TargetConfig | None = None,
-    ):
+        audio_config: AudioConfig | None = None,
-        model, stored_config = load_model_from_checkpoint(path)
+        train_config: TrainingConfig | None = None,
+        evaluation_config: EvaluationConfig | None = None,
+        inference_config: InferenceConfig | None = None,
+        outputs_config: OutputsConfig | None = None,
+        logging_config: AppLoggingConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> "BatDetect2API":
+        model, model_config = load_model_from_checkpoint(path)
 
-        config = (
+        audio_config = audio_config or AudioConfig(
-            merge_configs(stored_config, config) if config else stored_config
+            samplerate=model_config.samplerate,
         )
+        train_config = train_config or TrainingConfig()
+        evaluation_config = evaluation_config or EvaluationConfig()
+        inference_config = inference_config or InferenceConfig()
+        outputs_config = outputs_config or OutputsConfig()
+        logging_config = logging_config or AppLoggingConfig()
 
-        targets = build_targets(config=config.targets)
+        if (
+            targets_config is not None
+            and targets_config != model_config.targets
+        ):
+            targets = build_targets(config=targets_config)
+            model = build_model_with_new_targets(
+                model=model,
+                targets=targets,
+            )
+            model_config = model_config.model_copy(
+                update={"targets": targets_config}
+            )
 
-        audio_loader = build_audio_loader(config=config.audio)
+        targets = build_targets(config=model_config.targets)
+
+        audio_loader = build_audio_loader(config=audio_config)
 
         preprocessor = build_preprocessor(
             input_samplerate=audio_loader.samplerate,
-            config=config.preprocess,
+            config=model_config.preprocess,
         )
 
         postprocessor = build_postprocessor(
             preprocessor,
-            config=config.postprocess,
+            config=model_config.postprocess,
         )
 
-        evaluator = build_evaluator(config=config.evaluation, targets=targets)
+        formatter = build_output_formatter(
+            targets,
+            config=outputs_config.format,
+        )
 
-        formatter = build_output_formatter(targets, config=config.output)
+        output_transform = build_output_transform(
+            config=outputs_config.transform,
+            targets=targets,
+        )
+
+        evaluator = build_evaluator(
+            config=evaluation_config,
+            targets=targets,
+            transform=output_transform,
+        )
 
         return cls(
-            config=config,
+            model_config=model_config,
+            audio_config=audio_config,
+            train_config=train_config,
+            evaluation_config=evaluation_config,
+            inference_config=inference_config,
+            outputs_config=outputs_config,
+            logging_config=logging_config,
             targets=targets,
             audio_loader=audio_loader,
             preprocessor=preprocessor,
@@ -366,4 +598,27 @@ class BatDetect2API:
             evaluator=evaluator,
             model=model,
             formatter=formatter,
+            output_transform=output_transform,
         )
+
+    def _set_trainable_parameters(
+        self,
+        trainable: Literal["all", "heads", "classifier_head", "bbox_head"],
+    ) -> None:
+        detector = cast(Detector, self.model.detector)
+
+        for parameter in detector.parameters():
+            parameter.requires_grad = False
+
+        if trainable == "all":
+            for parameter in detector.parameters():
+                parameter.requires_grad = True
+            return
+
+        if trainable in {"heads", "classifier_head"}:
+            for parameter in detector.classifier_head.parameters():
+                parameter.requires_grad = True
+
+        if trainable in {"heads", "bbox_head"}:
+            for parameter in detector.bbox_head.parameters():
+                parameter.requires_grad = True

src/batdetect2/audio/__init__.py

@@ -5,8 +5,11 @@ from batdetect2.audio.loader import (
     SoundEventAudioLoader,
     build_audio_loader,
 )
+from batdetect2.audio.types import AudioLoader, ClipperProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
+    "AudioLoader",
+    "ClipperProtocol",
     "TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ",
     "AudioConfig",
     "SoundEventAudioLoader",

src/batdetect2/audio/clips.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Annotated, List, Literal, Optional, Union
+from typing import Annotated, List, Literal
 
 import numpy as np
 from loguru import logger
@@ -6,8 +6,13 @@ from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
 from soundevent.geometry import compute_bounds, intervals_overlap
 
-from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig, Registry
+from batdetect2.audio.types import ClipperProtocol
-from batdetect2.typing import ClipperProtocol
+from batdetect2.core import (
+    BaseConfig,
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
 
 DEFAULT_TRAIN_CLIP_DURATION = 0.256
 DEFAULT_MAX_EMPTY_CLIP = 0.1
@@ -16,12 +21,24 @@ DEFAULT_MAX_EMPTY_CLIP = 0.1
 __all__ = [
     "build_clipper",
     "ClipConfig",
+    "ClipperImportConfig",
 ]
 
 
 clipper_registry: Registry[ClipperProtocol, []] = Registry("clipper")
 
 
+@add_import_config(clipper_registry)
+class ClipperImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a clipper.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class RandomClipConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["random_subclip"] = "random_subclip"
     duration: float = DEFAULT_TRAIN_CLIP_DURATION
@@ -245,16 +262,12 @@ class FixedDurationClip:
 
 
 ClipConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    RandomClipConfig | PaddedClipConfig | FixedDurationClipConfig,
-        RandomClipConfig,
-        PaddedClipConfig,
-        FixedDurationClipConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 
 
-def build_clipper(config: Optional[ClipConfig] = None) -> ClipperProtocol:
+def build_clipper(config: ClipConfig | None = None) -> ClipperProtocol:
     config = config or RandomClipConfig()
 
     logger.opt(lazy=True).debug(

src/batdetect2/audio/loader.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 import numpy as np
 from numpy.typing import DTypeLike
 from pydantic import Field
@@ -7,8 +5,8 @@ from scipy.signal import resample, resample_poly
 from soundevent import audio, data
 from soundfile import LibsndfileError
 
+from batdetect2.audio.types import AudioLoader
 from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig
-from batdetect2.typing import AudioLoader
 
 __all__ = [
     "SoundEventAudioLoader",
@@ -28,15 +26,17 @@ class ResampleConfig(BaseConfig):
 
     Attributes
     ----------
-    samplerate : int, default=256000
+    enabled : bool, default=True
-        The target sample rate in Hz to resample the audio to. Must be > 0.
+        Whether to resample the audio to the target sample rate. If
+        ``False``, the audio is returned at its original sample rate.
     method : str, default="poly"
         The resampling algorithm to use. Options:
-        - "poly": Polyphase resampling using `scipy.signal.resample_poly`.
+
-                  Generally fast.
+        - ``"poly"``: Polyphase resampling via
-        - "fourier": Resampling via Fourier method using
+          ``scipy.signal.resample_poly``. Generally fast and accurate.
-                     `scipy.signal.resample`. May handle non-integer
+        - ``"fourier"``: FFT-based resampling via
-                     resampling factors differently.
+          ``scipy.signal.resample``. May be preferred for non-integer
+          resampling ratios.
     """
 
     enabled: bool = True
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ class AudioConfig(BaseConfig):
     resample: ResampleConfig = Field(default_factory=ResampleConfig)
 
 
-def build_audio_loader(config: Optional[AudioConfig] = None) -> AudioLoader:
+def build_audio_loader(config: AudioConfig | None = None) -> AudioLoader:
     """Factory function to create an AudioLoader based on configuration."""
     config = config or AudioConfig()
     return SoundEventAudioLoader(
@@ -65,7 +65,7 @@ class SoundEventAudioLoader(AudioLoader):
     def __init__(
         self,
         samplerate: int = TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ,
-        config: Optional[ResampleConfig] = None,
+        config: ResampleConfig | None = None,
     ):
         self.samplerate = samplerate
         self.config = config or ResampleConfig()
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ class SoundEventAudioLoader(AudioLoader):
     def load_file(
         self,
         path: data.PathLike,
-        audio_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+        audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
     ) -> np.ndarray:
         """Load and preprocess audio directly from a file path."""
         return load_file_audio(
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ class SoundEventAudioLoader(AudioLoader):
     def load_recording(
         self,
         recording: data.Recording,
-        audio_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+        audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
     ) -> np.ndarray:
         """Load and preprocess the entire audio for a Recording object."""
         return load_recording_audio(
@@ -99,7 +99,7 @@ class SoundEventAudioLoader(AudioLoader):
     def load_clip(
         self,
         clip: data.Clip,
-        audio_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+        audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
     ) -> np.ndarray:
         """Load and preprocess the audio segment defined by a Clip object."""
         return load_clip_audio(
@@ -112,10 +112,10 @@ class SoundEventAudioLoader(AudioLoader):
 
 def load_file_audio(
     path: data.PathLike,
-    samplerate: Optional[int] = None,
+    samplerate: int | None = None,
-    config: Optional[ResampleConfig] = None,
+    config: ResampleConfig | None = None,
-    audio_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+    audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
-    dtype: DTypeLike = np.float32,  # type: ignore
+    dtype: DTypeLike = np.float32,
 ) -> np.ndarray:
     """Load and preprocess audio from a file path using specified config."""
     try:
@@ -136,10 +136,10 @@ def load_file_audio(
 
 def load_recording_audio(
     recording: data.Recording,
-    samplerate: Optional[int] = None,
+    samplerate: int | None = None,
-    config: Optional[ResampleConfig] = None,
+    config: ResampleConfig | None = None,
-    audio_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+    audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
-    dtype: DTypeLike = np.float32,  # type: ignore
+    dtype: DTypeLike = np.float32,
 ) -> np.ndarray:
     """Load and preprocess the entire audio content of a recording using config."""
     clip = data.Clip(
@@ -158,10 +158,10 @@ def load_recording_audio(
 
 def load_clip_audio(
     clip: data.Clip,
-    samplerate: Optional[int] = None,
+    samplerate: int | None = None,
-    config: Optional[ResampleConfig] = None,
+    config: ResampleConfig | None = None,
-    audio_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+    audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
-    dtype: DTypeLike = np.float32,  # type: ignore
+    dtype: DTypeLike = np.float32,
 ) -> np.ndarray:
     """Load and preprocess a specific audio clip segment based on config."""
     try:
@@ -194,7 +194,31 @@ def resample_audio(
     samplerate: int = TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ,
     method: str = "poly",
 ) -> np.ndarray:
-    """Resample an audio waveform DataArray to a target sample rate."""
+    """Resample an audio waveform to a target sample rate.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    wav : np.ndarray
+        Input waveform array. The last axis is assumed to be time.
+    sr : int
+        Original sample rate of ``wav`` in Hz.
+    samplerate : int, default=256000
+        Target sample rate in Hz.
+    method : str, default="poly"
+        Resampling algorithm: ``"poly"`` (polyphase) or
+        ``"fourier"`` (FFT-based).
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    np.ndarray
+        Resampled waveform. If ``sr == samplerate`` the input array is
+        returned unchanged.
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    NotImplementedError
+        If ``method`` is not ``"poly"`` or ``"fourier"``.
+    """
     if sr == samplerate:
         return wav
 
@@ -264,7 +288,7 @@ def resample_audio_fourier(
     sr_new: int,
     axis: int = -1,
 ) -> np.ndarray:
-    """Resample a numpy array using `scipy.signal.resample`.
+    """Resample a numpy array using ``scipy.signal.resample``.
 
     This method uses FFTs to resample the signal.
 
@@ -272,23 +296,20 @@ def resample_audio_fourier(
     ----------
     array : np.ndarray
         The input array to resample.
-    num : int
+    sr_orig : int
-        The desired number of samples in the output array along `axis`.
+        The original sample rate in Hz.
+    sr_new : int
+        The target sample rate in Hz.
     axis : int, default=-1
-        The axis of `array` along which to resample.
+        The axis of ``array`` along which to resample.
 
     Returns
     -------
     np.ndarray
-        The array resampled to have `num` samples along `axis`.
+        The array resampled to the target sample rate.
-
-    Raises
-    ------
-    ValueError
-        If `num` is negative.
     """
     ratio = sr_new / sr_orig
-    return resample(  # type: ignore
+    return resample(
         array,
         int(array.shape[axis] * ratio),
         axis=axis,

src/batdetect2/audio/types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+from typing import Protocol
+
+import numpy as np
+from soundevent import data
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AudioLoader",
+    "ClipperProtocol",
+]
+
+
+class AudioLoader(Protocol):
+    samplerate: int
+
+    def load_file(
+        self,
+        path: data.PathLike,
+        audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
+    ) -> np.ndarray: ...
+
+    def load_recording(
+        self,
+        recording: data.Recording,
+        audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
+    ) -> np.ndarray: ...
+
+    def load_clip(
+        self,
+        clip: data.Clip,
+        audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
+    ) -> np.ndarray: ...
+
+
+class ClipperProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        clip_annotation: data.ClipAnnotation,
+    ) -> data.ClipAnnotation: ...
+
+    def get_subclip(self, clip: data.Clip) -> data.Clip: ...

src/batdetect2/cli/__init__.py

@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@ from batdetect2.cli.base import cli
 from batdetect2.cli.compat import detect
 from batdetect2.cli.data import data
 from batdetect2.cli.evaluate import evaluate_command
+from batdetect2.cli.inference import predict
 from batdetect2.cli.train import train_command
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -10,6 +11,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "data",
     "train_command",
     "evaluate_command",
+    "predict",
 ]
 
 

src/batdetect2/cli/data.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
 
 import click
 
@@ -34,9 +33,9 @@ def data(): ...
 )
 def summary(
     dataset_config: Path,
-    field: Optional[str] = None,
+    field: str | None = None,
-    targets_path: Optional[Path] = None,
+    targets_path: Path | None = None,
-    base_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+    base_dir: Path | None = None,
 ):
     from batdetect2.data import compute_class_summary, load_dataset_from_config
     from batdetect2.targets import load_targets
@@ -83,9 +82,9 @@ def summary(
 )
 def convert(
     dataset_config: Path,
-    field: Optional[str] = None,
+    field: str | None = None,
     output: Path = Path("annotations.json"),
-    base_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+    base_dir: Path | None = None,
 ):
     """Convert a dataset config file to soundevent format."""
     from soundevent import data, io

src/batdetect2/cli/evaluate.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
 
 import click
 from loguru import logger
@@ -13,9 +12,14 @@ DEFAULT_OUTPUT_DIR = Path("outputs") / "evaluation"
 
 
 @cli.command(name="evaluate")
-@click.argument("model-path", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.argument("model_path", type=click.Path(exists=True))
 @click.argument("test_dataset", type=click.Path(exists=True))
-@click.option("--config", "config_path", type=click.Path())
+@click.option("--targets", "targets_config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--audio-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--evaluation-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--inference-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--outputs-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--logging-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
 @click.option("--base-dir", type=click.Path(), default=Path.cwd())
 @click.option("--output-dir", type=click.Path(), default=DEFAULT_OUTPUT_DIR)
 @click.option("--experiment-name", type=str)
@@ -25,15 +29,25 @@ def evaluate_command(
     model_path: Path,
     test_dataset: Path,
     base_dir: Path,
-    config_path: Optional[Path],
+    targets_config: Path | None,
+    audio_config: Path | None,
+    evaluation_config: Path | None,
+    inference_config: Path | None,
+    outputs_config: Path | None,
+    logging_config: Path | None,
     output_dir: Path = DEFAULT_OUTPUT_DIR,
-    num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_workers: int = 0,
-    experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    experiment_name: str | None = None,
-    run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    run_name: str | None = None,
 ):
     from batdetect2.api_v2 import BatDetect2API
-    from batdetect2.config import load_full_config
+    from batdetect2.audio import AudioConfig
     from batdetect2.data import load_dataset_from_config
+    from batdetect2.evaluate import EvaluationConfig
+    from batdetect2.inference import InferenceConfig
+    from batdetect2.logging import AppLoggingConfig
+    from batdetect2.outputs import OutputsConfig
+    from batdetect2.targets import TargetConfig
 
     logger.info("Initiating evaluation process...")
 
@@ -47,11 +61,44 @@ def evaluate_command(
         num_annotations=len(test_annotations),
     )
 
-    config = None
+    target_conf = (
-    if config_path is not None:
+        TargetConfig.load(targets_config)
-        config = load_full_config(config_path)
+        if targets_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    audio_conf = (
+        AudioConfig.load(audio_config) if audio_config is not None else None
+    )
+    eval_conf = (
+        EvaluationConfig.load(evaluation_config)
+        if evaluation_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    inference_conf = (
+        InferenceConfig.load(inference_config)
+        if inference_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    outputs_conf = (
+        OutputsConfig.load(outputs_config)
+        if outputs_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    logging_conf = (
+        AppLoggingConfig.load(logging_config)
+        if logging_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
 
-    api = BatDetect2API.from_checkpoint(model_path, config=config)
+    api = BatDetect2API.from_checkpoint(
+        model_path,
+        targets_config=target_conf,
+        audio_config=audio_conf,
+        evaluation_config=eval_conf,
+        inference_config=inference_conf,
+        outputs_config=outputs_conf,
+        logging_config=logging_conf,
+    )
 
     api.evaluate(
         test_annotations,

src/batdetect2/cli/inference.py

@@ -0,0 +1,231 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import click
+from loguru import logger
+from soundevent import io
+from soundevent.audio.files import get_audio_files
+
+from batdetect2.cli.base import cli
+
+__all__ = ["predict"]
+
+
+@cli.group(name="predict")
+def predict() -> None:
+    """Run prediction with BatDetect2 API v2."""
+
+
+def _build_api(
+    model_path: Path,
+    audio_config: Path | None,
+    inference_config: Path | None,
+    outputs_config: Path | None,
+    logging_config: Path | None,
+):
+    from batdetect2.api_v2 import BatDetect2API
+    from batdetect2.audio import AudioConfig
+    from batdetect2.inference import InferenceConfig
+    from batdetect2.logging import AppLoggingConfig
+    from batdetect2.outputs import OutputsConfig
+
+    audio_conf = (
+        AudioConfig.load(audio_config) if audio_config is not None else None
+    )
+    inference_conf = (
+        InferenceConfig.load(inference_config)
+        if inference_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    outputs_conf = (
+        OutputsConfig.load(outputs_config)
+        if outputs_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    logging_conf = (
+        AppLoggingConfig.load(logging_config)
+        if logging_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+
+    api = BatDetect2API.from_checkpoint(
+        model_path,
+        audio_config=audio_conf,
+        inference_config=inference_conf,
+        outputs_config=outputs_conf,
+        logging_config=logging_conf,
+    )
+    return api, audio_conf, inference_conf, outputs_conf
+
+
+def _run_prediction(
+    model_path: Path,
+    audio_files: list[Path],
+    output_path: Path,
+    audio_config: Path | None,
+    inference_config: Path | None,
+    outputs_config: Path | None,
+    logging_config: Path | None,
+    batch_size: int | None,
+    num_workers: int,
+    format_name: str | None,
+) -> None:
+    logger.info("Initiating prediction process...")
+
+    api, audio_conf, inference_conf, outputs_conf = _build_api(
+        model_path,
+        audio_config,
+        inference_config,
+        outputs_config,
+        logging_config,
+    )
+
+    logger.info("Found {num_files} audio files", num_files=len(audio_files))
+
+    predictions = api.process_files(
+        audio_files,
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        num_workers=num_workers,
+        audio_config=audio_conf,
+        inference_config=inference_conf,
+        output_config=outputs_conf,
+    )
+
+    common_path = audio_files[0].parent if audio_files else None
+    api.save_predictions(
+        predictions,
+        path=output_path,
+        audio_dir=common_path,
+        format=format_name,
+    )
+
+    logger.info(
+        "Prediction complete. Results saved to {path}", path=output_path
+    )
+
+
+@predict.command(name="directory")
+@click.argument("model_path", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.argument("audio_dir", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.argument("output_path", type=click.Path())
+@click.option("--audio-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--inference-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--outputs-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--logging-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--batch-size", type=int)
+@click.option("--workers", "num_workers", type=int, default=0)
+@click.option("--format", "format_name", type=str)
+def predict_directory_command(
+    model_path: Path,
+    audio_dir: Path,
+    output_path: Path,
+    audio_config: Path | None,
+    inference_config: Path | None,
+    outputs_config: Path | None,
+    logging_config: Path | None,
+    batch_size: int | None,
+    num_workers: int,
+    format_name: str | None,
+) -> None:
+    audio_files = list(get_audio_files(audio_dir))
+    _run_prediction(
+        model_path=model_path,
+        audio_files=audio_files,
+        output_path=output_path,
+        audio_config=audio_config,
+        inference_config=inference_config,
+        outputs_config=outputs_config,
+        logging_config=logging_config,
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        num_workers=num_workers,
+        format_name=format_name,
+    )
+
+
+@predict.command(name="file_list")
+@click.argument("model_path", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.argument("file_list", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.argument("output_path", type=click.Path())
+@click.option("--audio-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--inference-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--outputs-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--logging-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--batch-size", type=int)
+@click.option("--workers", "num_workers", type=int, default=0)
+@click.option("--format", "format_name", type=str)
+def predict_file_list_command(
+    model_path: Path,
+    file_list: Path,
+    output_path: Path,
+    audio_config: Path | None,
+    inference_config: Path | None,
+    outputs_config: Path | None,
+    logging_config: Path | None,
+    batch_size: int | None,
+    num_workers: int,
+    format_name: str | None,
+) -> None:
+    file_list = Path(file_list)
+    audio_files = [
+        Path(line.strip())
+        for line in file_list.read_text().splitlines()
+        if line.strip()
+    ]
+
+    _run_prediction(
+        model_path=model_path,
+        audio_files=audio_files,
+        output_path=output_path,
+        audio_config=audio_config,
+        inference_config=inference_config,
+        outputs_config=outputs_config,
+        logging_config=logging_config,
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        num_workers=num_workers,
+        format_name=format_name,
+    )
+
+
+@predict.command(name="dataset")
+@click.argument("model_path", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.argument("dataset_path", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.argument("output_path", type=click.Path())
+@click.option("--audio-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--inference-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--outputs-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--logging-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--batch-size", type=int)
+@click.option("--workers", "num_workers", type=int, default=0)
+@click.option("--format", "format_name", type=str)
+def predict_dataset_command(
+    model_path: Path,
+    dataset_path: Path,
+    output_path: Path,
+    audio_config: Path | None,
+    inference_config: Path | None,
+    outputs_config: Path | None,
+    logging_config: Path | None,
+    batch_size: int | None,
+    num_workers: int,
+    format_name: str | None,
+) -> None:
+    dataset_path = Path(dataset_path)
+    dataset = io.load(dataset_path, type="annotation_set")
+    audio_files = sorted(
+        {
+            Path(clip_annotation.clip.recording.path)
+            for clip_annotation in dataset.clip_annotations
+        }
+    )
+
+    _run_prediction(
+        model_path=model_path,
+        audio_files=audio_files,
+        output_path=output_path,
+        audio_config=audio_config,
+        inference_config=inference_config,
+        outputs_config=outputs_config,
+        logging_config=logging_config,
+        batch_size=batch_size,
+        num_workers=num_workers,
+        format_name=format_name,
+    )

src/batdetect2/cli/train.py

@@ -1,5 +1,4 @@
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
 
 import click
 from loguru import logger
@@ -14,10 +13,15 @@ __all__ = ["train_command"]
 @click.option("--val-dataset", type=click.Path(exists=True))
 @click.option("--model", "model_path", type=click.Path(exists=True))
 @click.option("--targets", "targets_config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--model-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--training-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--audio-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--evaluation-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--inference-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--outputs-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
+@click.option("--logging-config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
 @click.option("--ckpt-dir", type=click.Path(exists=True))
 @click.option("--log-dir", type=click.Path(exists=True))
-@click.option("--config", type=click.Path(exists=True))
-@click.option("--config-field", type=str)
 @click.option("--train-workers", type=int)
 @click.option("--val-workers", type=int)
 @click.option("--num-epochs", type=int)
@@ -26,42 +30,82 @@ __all__ = ["train_command"]
 @click.option("--seed", type=int)
 def train_command(
     train_dataset: Path,
-    val_dataset: Optional[Path] = None,
+    val_dataset: Path | None = None,
-    model_path: Optional[Path] = None,
+    model_path: Path | None = None,
-    ckpt_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+    ckpt_dir: Path | None = None,
-    log_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+    log_dir: Path | None = None,
-    config: Optional[Path] = None,
+    targets_config: Path | None = None,
-    targets_config: Optional[Path] = None,
+    model_config: Path | None = None,
-    config_field: Optional[str] = None,
+    training_config: Path | None = None,
-    seed: Optional[int] = None,
+    audio_config: Path | None = None,
-    num_epochs: Optional[int] = None,
+    evaluation_config: Path | None = None,
+    inference_config: Path | None = None,
+    outputs_config: Path | None = None,
+    logging_config: Path | None = None,
+    seed: int | None = None,
+    num_epochs: int | None = None,
     train_workers: int = 0,
     val_workers: int = 0,
-    experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    experiment_name: str | None = None,
-    run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    run_name: str | None = None,
 ):
     from batdetect2.api_v2 import BatDetect2API
-    from batdetect2.config import (
+    from batdetect2.audio import AudioConfig
-        BatDetect2Config,
+    from batdetect2.config import BatDetect2Config
-        load_full_config,
-    )
     from batdetect2.data import load_dataset_from_config
-    from batdetect2.targets import load_target_config
+    from batdetect2.evaluate import EvaluationConfig
+    from batdetect2.inference import InferenceConfig
+    from batdetect2.logging import AppLoggingConfig
+    from batdetect2.models import ModelConfig
+    from batdetect2.outputs import OutputsConfig
+    from batdetect2.targets import TargetConfig
+    from batdetect2.train import TrainingConfig
 
     logger.info("Initiating training process...")
 
     logger.info("Loading configuration...")
-    conf = (
+    target_conf = (
-        load_full_config(config, field=config_field)
+        TargetConfig.load(targets_config)
-        if config is not None
+        if targets_config is not None
-        else BatDetect2Config()
+        else None
+    )
+    model_conf = (
+        ModelConfig.load(model_config) if model_config is not None else None
+    )
+    train_conf = (
+        TrainingConfig.load(training_config)
+        if training_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    audio_conf = (
+        AudioConfig.load(audio_config) if audio_config is not None else None
+    )
+    eval_conf = (
+        EvaluationConfig.load(evaluation_config)
+        if evaluation_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    inference_conf = (
+        InferenceConfig.load(inference_config)
+        if inference_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    outputs_conf = (
+        OutputsConfig.load(outputs_config)
+        if outputs_config is not None
+        else None
+    )
+    logging_conf = (
+        AppLoggingConfig.load(logging_config)
+        if logging_config is not None
+        else None
     )
 
-    if targets_config is not None:
+    if target_conf is not None:
-        logger.info("Loading targets configuration...")
+        logger.info("Loaded targets configuration.")
-        conf = conf.model_copy(
+
-            update=dict(targets=load_target_config(targets_config))
+    if model_conf is not None and target_conf is not None:
-        )
+        model_conf = model_conf.model_copy(update={"targets": target_conf})
 
     logger.info("Loading training dataset...")
     train_annotations = load_dataset_from_config(train_dataset)
@@ -82,12 +126,43 @@ def train_command(
 
     logger.info("Configuration and data loaded. Starting training...")
 
+    if model_path is not None and model_conf is not None:
+        raise click.UsageError(
+            "--model-config cannot be used with --model. "
+            "Checkpoint model configuration is loaded from the checkpoint."
+        )
+
     if model_path is None:
+        conf = BatDetect2Config()
+        if model_conf is not None:
+            conf.model = model_conf
+        elif target_conf is not None:
+            conf.model = conf.model.model_copy(update={"targets": target_conf})
+
+        if train_conf is not None:
+            conf.train = train_conf
+        if audio_conf is not None:
+            conf.audio = audio_conf
+        if eval_conf is not None:
+            conf.evaluation = eval_conf
+        if inference_conf is not None:
+            conf.inference = inference_conf
+        if outputs_conf is not None:
+            conf.outputs = outputs_conf
+        if logging_conf is not None:
+            conf.logging = logging_conf
+
         api = BatDetect2API.from_config(conf)
     else:
         api = BatDetect2API.from_checkpoint(
             model_path,
-            config=conf if config is not None else None,
+            targets_config=target_conf,
+            train_config=train_conf,
+            audio_config=audio_conf,
+            evaluation_config=eval_conf,
+            inference_config=inference_conf,
+            outputs_config=outputs_conf,
+            logging_config=logging_conf,
         )
 
     return api.train(

src/batdetect2/compat/data.py

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ import json
 import os
 import uuid
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Callable, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Callable, List
 
 import numpy as np
 from soundevent import data
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ from batdetect2.types import (
     FileAnnotation,
 )
 
-PathLike = Union[Path, str, os.PathLike]
+PathLike = Path | str | os.PathLike
 
 __all__ = [
     "convert_to_annotation_group",
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ UNKNOWN_CLASS = "__UNKNOWN__"
 NAMESPACE = uuid.UUID("97a9776b-c0fd-4c68-accb-0b0ecd719242")
 
 
-EventFn = Callable[[data.SoundEventAnnotation], Optional[str]]
+EventFn = Callable[[data.SoundEventAnnotation], str | None]
 
 ClassFn = Callable[[data.Recording], int]
 
@@ -103,17 +103,17 @@ def convert_to_annotation_group(
         y_inds.append(0)
 
         annotations.append(
-            {
+            Annotation(
-                "start_time": start_time,
+                start_time=start_time,
-                "end_time": end_time,
+                end_time=end_time,
-                "low_freq": low_freq,
+                low_freq=low_freq,
-                "high_freq": high_freq,
+                high_freq=high_freq,
-                "class_prob": 1.0,
+                class_prob=1.0,
-                "det_prob": 1.0,
+                det_prob=1.0,
-                "individual": "0",
+                individual="0",
-                "event": event,
+                event=event,
-                "class_id": class_id,  # type: ignore
+                class_id=class_id,
-            }
+            )
         )
 
     return {
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ def annotation_to_sound_event_prediction(
 
 def file_annotation_to_clip(
     file_annotation: FileAnnotation,
-    audio_dir: Optional[PathLike] = None,
+    audio_dir: PathLike | None = None,
     label_key: str = "class",
 ) -> data.Clip:
     """Convert file annotation to recording."""

src/batdetect2/config.py

@@ -1,28 +1,20 @@
-from typing import Literal, Optional
+from typing import Literal
 
 from pydantic import Field
-from soundevent.data import PathLike
 
 from batdetect2.audio import AudioConfig
-from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig, load_config
+from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
-from batdetect2.data.predictions import OutputFormatConfig
-from batdetect2.data.predictions.raw import RawOutputConfig
 from batdetect2.evaluate.config import (
     EvaluationConfig,
     get_default_eval_config,
 )
 from batdetect2.inference.config import InferenceConfig
-from batdetect2.models.config import BackboneConfig
+from batdetect2.logging import AppLoggingConfig
-from batdetect2.postprocess.config import PostprocessConfig
+from batdetect2.models import ModelConfig
-from batdetect2.preprocess.config import PreprocessingConfig
+from batdetect2.outputs import OutputsConfig
-from batdetect2.targets.config import TargetConfig
 from batdetect2.train.config import TrainingConfig
 
-__all__ = [
+__all__ = ["BatDetect2Config"]
-    "BatDetect2Config",
-    "load_full_config",
-    "validate_config",
-]
 
 
 class BatDetect2Config(BaseConfig):
@@ -32,26 +24,8 @@ class BatDetect2Config(BaseConfig):
     evaluation: EvaluationConfig = Field(
         default_factory=get_default_eval_config
     )
-    model: BackboneConfig = Field(default_factory=BackboneConfig)
+    model: ModelConfig = Field(default_factory=ModelConfig)
-    preprocess: PreprocessingConfig = Field(
-        default_factory=PreprocessingConfig
-    )
-    postprocess: PostprocessConfig = Field(default_factory=PostprocessConfig)
     audio: AudioConfig = Field(default_factory=AudioConfig)
-    targets: TargetConfig = Field(default_factory=TargetConfig)
     inference: InferenceConfig = Field(default_factory=InferenceConfig)
-    output: OutputFormatConfig = Field(default_factory=RawOutputConfig)
+    outputs: OutputsConfig = Field(default_factory=OutputsConfig)
-
+    logging: AppLoggingConfig = Field(default_factory=AppLoggingConfig)
-
-def validate_config(config: Optional[dict]) -> BatDetect2Config:
-    if config is None:
-        return BatDetect2Config()
-
-    return BatDetect2Config.model_validate(config)
-
-
-def load_full_config(
-    path: PathLike,
-    field: Optional[str] = None,
-) -> BatDetect2Config:
-    return load_config(path, schema=BatDetect2Config, field=field)

src/batdetect2/core/__init__.py

@@ -1,8 +1,14 @@
 from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig, load_config, merge_configs
-from batdetect2.core.registries import Registry
+from batdetect2.core.registries import (
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
+    "add_import_config",
     "BaseConfig",
+    "ImportConfig",
     "load_config",
     "Registry",
     "merge_configs",

src/batdetect2/core/arrays.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 import numpy as np
 import torch
 import xarray as xr
@@ -86,8 +84,8 @@ def adjust_width(
 
 def slice_tensor(
     tensor: torch.Tensor,
-    start: Optional[int] = None,
+    start: int | None = None,
-    end: Optional[int] = None,
+    end: int | None = None,
     dim: int = -1,
 ) -> torch.Tensor:
     slices = [slice(None)] * tensor.ndim

src/batdetect2/core/configs.py

@@ -8,11 +8,11 @@ configuration data from files, with optional support for accessing nested
 configuration sections.
 """
 
-from typing import Any, Optional, Type, TypeVar
+from typing import Any, Literal, Type, TypeVar, overload
 
 import yaml
 from deepmerge.merger import Merger
-from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict
+from pydantic import BaseModel, ConfigDict, TypeAdapter
 from soundevent.data import PathLike
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ __all__ = [
     "merge_configs",
 ]
 
+C = TypeVar("C", bound="BaseConfig")
+
 
 class BaseConfig(BaseModel):
     """Base class for all configuration models in BatDetect2.
@@ -62,8 +64,30 @@ class BaseConfig(BaseModel):
             )
         )
 
+    @classmethod
+    def from_yaml(cls, yaml_str: str):
+        return cls.model_validate(yaml.safe_load(yaml_str))
 
-T = TypeVar("T", bound=BaseModel)
+    @classmethod
+    def load(
+        cls: Type[C],
+        path: PathLike,
+        field: str | None = None,
+        extra: Literal["ignore", "allow", "forbid"] | None = None,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+    ) -> C:
+        return load_config(
+            path,
+            schema=cls,
+            field=field,
+            extra=extra,
+            strict=strict,
+        )
+
+
+T = TypeVar("T")
+T_Model = TypeVar("T_Model", bound=BaseModel)
+Schema = Type[T_Model] | TypeAdapter[T]
 
 
 def get_object_field(obj: dict, current_key: str) -> Any:
@@ -125,35 +149,69 @@ def get_object_field(obj: dict, current_key: str) -> Any:
     return get_object_field(subobj, rest)
 
 
+@overload
 def load_config(
     path: PathLike,
-    schema: Type[T],
+    schema: Type[T_Model],
-    field: Optional[str] = None,
+    field: str | None = None,
-) -> T:
+    extra: Literal["ignore", "allow", "forbid"] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+) -> T_Model: ...
+
+
+@overload
+def load_config(
+    path: PathLike,
+    schema: TypeAdapter[T],
+    field: str | None = None,
+    extra: Literal["ignore", "allow", "forbid"] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+) -> T: ...
+
+
+def load_config(
+    path: PathLike,
+    schema: Type[T_Model] | TypeAdapter[T],
+    field: str | None = None,
+    extra: Literal["ignore", "allow", "forbid"] | None = None,
+    strict: bool | None = None,
+) -> T_Model | T:
     """Load and validate configuration data from a file against a schema.
 
     Reads a YAML file, optionally extracts a specific section using dot
     notation, and then validates the resulting data against the provided
-    Pydantic `schema`.
+    Pydantic schema.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     path : PathLike
         The path to the configuration file (typically `.yaml`).
-    schema : Type[T]
+    schema : Type[T_Model] | TypeAdapter[T]
-        The Pydantic `BaseModel` subclass that defines the expected structure
+        Either a Pydantic `BaseModel` subclass or a `TypeAdapter` instance
-        and types for the configuration data.
+        that defines the expected structure and types for the configuration
+        data.
     field : str, optional
         A dot-separated string indicating a nested section within the YAML
         file to extract before validation. If None (default), the entire
         file content is validated against the schema.
         Example: `"training.optimizer"` would extract the `optimizer` section
         within the `training` section.
+    extra : Literal["ignore", "allow", "forbid"], optional
+        How to handle extra keys in the configuration data. If None (default),
+        the default behaviour of the schema is used. If "ignore", extra keys
+        are ignored. If "allow", extra keys are allowed and will be accessible
+        as attributes on the resulting model instance. If "forbid", extra
+        keys are forbidden and an exception is raised. See pydantic
+        documentation for more details.
+    strict : bool, optional
+        Whether to enforce types strictly. If None (default), the default
+        behaviour of the schema is used. See pydantic documentation for more
+        details.
 
     Returns
     -------
-    T
+    T_Model | T
-        An instance of the provided `schema`, populated and validated with
+        An instance of the schema type, populated and validated with
         data from the configuration file.
 
     Raises
@@ -179,7 +237,10 @@ def load_config(
     if field:
         config = get_object_field(config, field)
 
-    return schema.model_validate(config or {})
+    if isinstance(schema, TypeAdapter):
+        return schema.validate_python(config or {}, extra=extra, strict=strict)
+
+    return schema.model_validate(config or {}, extra=extra, strict=strict)
 
 
 default_merger = Merger(
@@ -189,7 +250,7 @@ default_merger = Merger(
 )
 
 
-def merge_configs(config1: T, config2: T) -> T:
+def merge_configs(config1: T_Model, config2: T_Model) -> T_Model:
     """Merge two configuration objects."""
     model = type(config1)
     dict1 = config1.model_dump()

src/batdetect2/core/registries.py

@@ -1,23 +1,28 @@
-import sys
+from typing import (
-from typing import Callable, Dict, Generic, Tuple, Type, TypeVar
+    Any,
+    Callable,
+    Concatenate,
+    Generic,
+    ParamSpec,
+    Sequence,
+    Type,
+    TypeVar,
+)
 
-from pydantic import BaseModel
+from hydra.utils import instantiate
-
+from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
-if sys.version_info >= (3, 10):
-    from typing import Concatenate, ParamSpec
-else:
-    from typing_extensions import Concatenate, ParamSpec
 
 __all__ = [
+    "add_import_config",
+    "ImportConfig",
     "Registry",
     "SimpleRegistry",
 ]
 
+
 T_Config = TypeVar("T_Config", bound=BaseModel, contravariant=True)
 T_Type = TypeVar("T_Type", covariant=True)
 P_Type = ParamSpec("P_Type")
-
-
 T = TypeVar("T")
 
 
@@ -43,12 +48,13 @@ class SimpleRegistry(Generic[T]):
 class Registry(Generic[T_Type, P_Type]):
     """A generic class to create and manage a registry of items."""
 
-    def __init__(self, name: str):
+    def __init__(self, name: str, discriminator: str = "name"):
         self._name = name
-        self._registry: Dict[
+        self._registry: dict[
             str, Callable[Concatenate[..., P_Type], T_Type]
         ] = {}
-        self._config_types: Dict[str, Type[BaseModel]] = {}
+        self._discriminator = discriminator
+        self._config_types: dict[str, Type[BaseModel]] = {}
 
     def register(
         self,
@@ -56,15 +62,20 @@ class Registry(Generic[T_Type, P_Type]):
     ):
         fields = config_cls.model_fields
 
-        if "name" not in fields:
+        if self._discriminator not in fields:
-            raise ValueError("Configuration object must have a 'name' field.")
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Configuration object must have "
+                f"a '{self._discriminator}' field."
+            )
 
-        name = fields["name"].default
+        name = fields[self._discriminator].default
 
         self._config_types[name] = config_cls
 
         if not isinstance(name, str):
-            raise ValueError("'name' field must be a string literal.")
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"'{self._discriminator}' field must be a string literal."
+            )
 
         def decorator(
             func: Callable[Concatenate[T_Config, P_Type], T_Type],
@@ -74,7 +85,7 @@ class Registry(Generic[T_Type, P_Type]):
 
         return decorator
 
-    def get_config_types(self) -> Tuple[Type[BaseModel], ...]:
+    def get_config_types(self) -> tuple[Type[BaseModel], ...]:
         return tuple(self._config_types.values())
 
     def get_config_type(self, name: str) -> Type[BaseModel]:
@@ -94,10 +105,12 @@ class Registry(Generic[T_Type, P_Type]):
     ) -> T_Type:
         """Builds a logic instance from a config object."""
 
-        name = getattr(config, "name")  # noqa: B009
+        name = getattr(config, self._discriminator)  # noqa: B009
 
         if name is None:
-            raise ValueError("Config does not have a name field")
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Config does not have a '{self._discriminator}' field"
+            )
 
         if name not in self._registry:
             raise NotImplementedError(
@@ -105,3 +118,92 @@ class Registry(Generic[T_Type, P_Type]):
             )
 
         return self._registry[name](config, *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+class ImportConfig(BaseModel):
+    """Base config for dynamic instantiation via Hydra.
+
+    Subclass this to create a registry-specific import escape hatch.
+    The subclass must add a discriminator field whose name matches the
+    registry's own discriminator key, with its value fixed to
+    ``Literal["import"]``.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    target : str
+        Fully-qualified dotted path to the callable to instantiate,
+        e.g. ``"mypackage.module.MyClass"``.
+    arguments : dict[str, Any]
+        Base keyword arguments forwarded to the callable. When the
+        same key also appears in ``kwargs`` passed to ``build()``,
+        the ``kwargs`` value takes priority.
+    """
+
+    target: str
+    arguments: dict[str, Any] = Field(default_factory=dict)
+
+
+T_Import = TypeVar("T_Import", bound=ImportConfig)
+
+
+def add_import_config(
+    registry: Registry[T_Type, P_Type],
+    arg_names: Sequence[str] | None = None,
+) -> Callable[[Type[T_Import]], Type[T_Import]]:
+    """Decorator that registers an ImportConfig subclass as an escape hatch.
+
+    Wraps the decorated class in a builder that calls
+    ``hydra.utils.instantiate`` using ``config.target`` and
+    ``config.arguments``. The builder is registered on *registry*
+    under the discriminator value ``"import"``.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    registry : Registry
+        The registry instance on which the config should be registered.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Callable[[type[ImportConfig]], type[ImportConfig]]
+        A class decorator that registers the class and returns it
+        unchanged.
+
+    Examples
+    --------
+    Define a per-registry import escape hatch::
+
+        @add_import_config(my_registry)
+        class MyRegistryImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+            name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+    """
+
+    def decorator(config_cls: Type[T_Import]) -> Type[T_Import]:
+        def builder(
+            config: T_Import,
+            *args: P_Type.args,
+            **kwargs: P_Type.kwargs,
+        ) -> T_Type:
+            _arg_names = arg_names or []
+
+            if len(args) != len(_arg_names):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    "Positional arguments are not supported "
+                    "for import escape hatch unless you specify "
+                    "the argument names. Use `arg_names` to specify "
+                    "the names of the positional arguments."
+                )
+
+            args_dict = {_arg_names[i]: args[i] for i in range(len(args))}
+
+            hydra_cfg = {
+                "_target_": config.target,
+                **config.arguments,
+                **args_dict,
+                **kwargs,
+            }
+            return instantiate(hydra_cfg)
+
+        registry.register(config_cls)(builder)
+        return config_cls
+
+    return decorator

src/batdetect2/data/__init__.py

@@ -7,20 +7,12 @@ from batdetect2.data.annotations import (
     load_annotated_dataset,
 )
 from batdetect2.data.datasets import (
+    Dataset,
     DatasetConfig,
     load_dataset,
     load_dataset_config,
     load_dataset_from_config,
 )
-from batdetect2.data.predictions import (
-    BatDetect2OutputConfig,
-    OutputFormatConfig,
-    RawOutputConfig,
-    SoundEventOutputConfig,
-    build_output_formatter,
-    get_output_formatter,
-    load_predictions,
-)
 from batdetect2.data.summary import (
     compute_class_summary,
     extract_recordings_df,
@@ -28,6 +20,7 @@ from batdetect2.data.summary import (
 )
 
 __all__ = [
+    "Dataset",
     "AOEFAnnotations",
     "AnnotatedDataset",
     "AnnotationFormats",
@@ -36,6 +29,7 @@ __all__ = [
     "BatDetect2OutputConfig",
     "DatasetConfig",
     "OutputFormatConfig",
+    "ParquetOutputConfig",
     "RawOutputConfig",
     "SoundEventOutputConfig",
     "build_output_formatter",

src/batdetect2/data/annotations/__init__.py

@@ -13,22 +13,18 @@ format-specific loading function to retrieve the annotations as a standard
 `soundevent.data.AnnotationSet`.
 """
 
-from typing import Annotated, Optional, Union
+from typing import Annotated
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
 
-from batdetect2.data.annotations.aoef import (
+from batdetect2.data.annotations.aoef import AOEFAnnotations
-    AOEFAnnotations,
-    load_aoef_annotated_dataset,
-)
 from batdetect2.data.annotations.batdetect2 import (
     AnnotationFilter,
     BatDetect2FilesAnnotations,
     BatDetect2MergedAnnotations,
-    load_batdetect2_files_annotated_dataset,
-    load_batdetect2_merged_annotated_dataset,
 )
+from batdetect2.data.annotations.registry import annotation_format_registry
 from batdetect2.data.annotations.types import AnnotatedDataset
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -43,11 +39,7 @@ __all__ = [
 
 
 AnnotationFormats = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    BatDetect2MergedAnnotations | BatDetect2FilesAnnotations | AOEFAnnotations,
-        BatDetect2MergedAnnotations,
-        BatDetect2FilesAnnotations,
-        AOEFAnnotations,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="format"),
 ]
 """Type Alias representing all supported data source configurations.
@@ -63,24 +55,24 @@ source configuration represents.
 
 def load_annotated_dataset(
     dataset: AnnotatedDataset,
-    base_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+    base_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
 ) -> data.AnnotationSet:
     """Load annotations for a single data source based on its configuration.
 
-    This function acts as a dispatcher. It inspects the type of the input
+    This function acts as a dispatcher. It inspects the format of the input
-    `source_config` object (which corresponds to a specific annotation format)
+    `dataset` object and delegates to the appropriate format-specific loader
-    and calls the appropriate loading function (e.g.,
+    registered in the `annotation_format_registry` (e.g.,
-    `load_aoef_annotated_dataset` for `AOEFAnnotations`).
+    `AOEFLoader` for `AOEFAnnotations`).
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    source_config : AnnotationFormats
+    dataset : AnnotatedDataset
         The configuration object for the data source, specifying its format
         and necessary details (like paths). Must be an instance of one of the
         types included in the `AnnotationFormats` union.
     base_dir : Path, optional
         An optional base directory path. If provided, relative paths within
-        the `source_config` might be resolved relative to this directory by
+        the `dataset` will be resolved relative to this directory by
         the underlying loading functions. Defaults to None.
 
     Returns
@@ -92,23 +84,8 @@ def load_annotated_dataset(
     Raises
     ------
     NotImplementedError
-        If the type of the `source_config` object does not match any of the
+        If the `format` field of `dataset` does not match any registered
-        known format-specific loading functions implemented in the dispatch
+        annotation format loader.
-        logic.
     """
-
+    loader = annotation_format_registry.build(dataset)
-    if isinstance(dataset, AOEFAnnotations):
+    return loader.load(base_dir=base_dir)
-        return load_aoef_annotated_dataset(dataset, base_dir=base_dir)
-
-    if isinstance(dataset, BatDetect2MergedAnnotations):
-        return load_batdetect2_merged_annotated_dataset(
-            dataset, base_dir=base_dir
-        )
-
-    if isinstance(dataset, BatDetect2FilesAnnotations):
-        return load_batdetect2_files_annotated_dataset(
-            dataset,
-            base_dir=base_dir,
-        )
-
-    raise NotImplementedError(f"Unknown annotation format: {dataset.name}")

src/batdetect2/data/annotations/aoef.py

@@ -12,17 +12,22 @@ that meet specific status criteria (e.g., completed, verified, without issues).
 """
 
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Literal, Optional
+from typing import Literal
 from uuid import uuid5
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data, io
 
 from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
-from batdetect2.data.annotations.types import AnnotatedDataset
+from batdetect2.data.annotations.registry import annotation_format_registry
+from batdetect2.data.annotations.types import (
+    AnnotatedDataset,
+    AnnotationLoader,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
     "AOEFAnnotations",
+    "AOEFLoader",
     "load_aoef_annotated_dataset",
     "AnnotationTaskFilter",
 ]
@@ -77,14 +82,30 @@ class AOEFAnnotations(AnnotatedDataset):
 
     annotations_path: Path
 
-    filter: Optional[AnnotationTaskFilter] = Field(
+    filter: AnnotationTaskFilter | None = Field(
         default_factory=AnnotationTaskFilter
     )
 
 
+class AOEFLoader(AnnotationLoader):
+    def __init__(self, config: AOEFAnnotations):
+        self.config = config
+
+    def load(
+        self,
+        base_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
+    ) -> data.AnnotationSet:
+        return load_aoef_annotated_dataset(self.config, base_dir=base_dir)
+
+    @annotation_format_registry.register(AOEFAnnotations)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(config: AOEFAnnotations):
+        return AOEFLoader(config)
+
+
 def load_aoef_annotated_dataset(
     dataset: AOEFAnnotations,
-    base_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+    base_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
 ) -> data.AnnotationSet:
     """Load annotations from an AnnotationSet or AnnotationProject file.
 

src/batdetect2/data/annotations/batdetect2.py

@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ aggregated into a `soundevent.data.AnnotationSet`.
 import json
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Literal, Optional, Union
+from typing import Literal
 
 from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import Field, ValidationError
@@ -41,9 +41,13 @@ from batdetect2.data.annotations.legacy import (
     list_file_annotations,
     load_file_annotation,
 )
-from batdetect2.data.annotations.types import AnnotatedDataset
+from batdetect2.data.annotations.registry import annotation_format_registry
+from batdetect2.data.annotations.types import (
+    AnnotatedDataset,
+    AnnotationLoader,
+)
 
-PathLike = Union[Path, str, os.PathLike]
+PathLike = Path | str | os.PathLike
 
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -102,7 +106,7 @@ class BatDetect2FilesAnnotations(AnnotatedDataset):
     format: Literal["batdetect2"] = "batdetect2"
     annotations_dir: Path
 
-    filter: Optional[AnnotationFilter] = Field(
+    filter: AnnotationFilter | None = Field(
         default_factory=AnnotationFilter,
     )
 
@@ -133,14 +137,14 @@ class BatDetect2MergedAnnotations(AnnotatedDataset):
     format: Literal["batdetect2_file"] = "batdetect2_file"
     annotations_path: Path
 
-    filter: Optional[AnnotationFilter] = Field(
+    filter: AnnotationFilter | None = Field(
         default_factory=AnnotationFilter,
     )
 
 
 def load_batdetect2_files_annotated_dataset(
     dataset: BatDetect2FilesAnnotations,
-    base_dir: Optional[PathLike] = None,
+    base_dir: PathLike | None = None,
 ) -> data.AnnotationSet:
     """Load and convert 'batdetect2_file' annotations into an AnnotationSet.
 
@@ -244,7 +248,7 @@ def load_batdetect2_files_annotated_dataset(
 
 def load_batdetect2_merged_annotated_dataset(
     dataset: BatDetect2MergedAnnotations,
-    base_dir: Optional[PathLike] = None,
+    base_dir: PathLike | None = None,
 ) -> data.AnnotationSet:
     """Load and convert 'batdetect2_merged' annotations into an AnnotationSet.
 
@@ -302,7 +306,7 @@ def load_batdetect2_merged_annotated_dataset(
         try:
             ann = FileAnnotation.model_validate(ann)
         except ValueError as err:
-            logger.warning(f"Invalid annotation file: {err}")
+            logger.warning("Invalid annotation file: {err}", err=err)
             continue
 
         if (
@@ -310,17 +314,23 @@ def load_batdetect2_merged_annotated_dataset(
             and dataset.filter.only_annotated
             and not ann.annotated
         ):
-            logger.debug(f"Skipping incomplete annotation {ann.id}")
+            logger.debug(
+                "Skipping incomplete annotation {ann_id}",
+                ann_id=ann.id,
+            )
             continue
 
         if dataset.filter and dataset.filter.exclude_issues and ann.issues:
-            logger.debug(f"Skipping annotation with issues {ann.id}")
+            logger.debug(
+                "Skipping annotation with issues {ann_id}",
+                ann_id=ann.id,
+            )
             continue
 
         try:
             clip = file_annotation_to_clip(ann, audio_dir=audio_dir)
         except FileNotFoundError as err:
-            logger.warning(f"Error loading annotations: {err}")
+            logger.warning("Error loading annotations: {err}", err=err)
             continue
 
         annotations.append(file_annotation_to_clip_annotation(ann, clip))
@@ -330,3 +340,41 @@ def load_batdetect2_merged_annotated_dataset(
         description=dataset.description,
         clip_annotations=annotations,
     )
+
+
+class BatDetect2MergedLoader(AnnotationLoader):
+    def __init__(self, config: BatDetect2MergedAnnotations):
+        self.config = config
+
+    def load(
+        self,
+        base_dir: PathLike | None = None,
+    ) -> data.AnnotationSet:
+        return load_batdetect2_merged_annotated_dataset(
+            self.config,
+            base_dir=base_dir,
+        )
+
+    @annotation_format_registry.register(BatDetect2MergedAnnotations)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(config: BatDetect2MergedAnnotations):
+        return BatDetect2MergedLoader(config)
+
+
+class BatDetect2FilesLoader(AnnotationLoader):
+    def __init__(self, config: BatDetect2FilesAnnotations):
+        self.config = config
+
+    def load(
+        self,
+        base_dir: PathLike | None = None,
+    ) -> data.AnnotationSet:
+        return load_batdetect2_files_annotated_dataset(
+            self.config,
+            base_dir=base_dir,
+        )
+
+    @annotation_format_registry.register(BatDetect2FilesAnnotations)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(config: BatDetect2FilesAnnotations):
+        return BatDetect2FilesLoader(config)

src/batdetect2/data/annotations/legacy.py

@@ -3,12 +3,12 @@
 import os
 import uuid
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Callable, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Callable, List
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field
 from soundevent import data
 
-PathLike = Union[Path, str, os.PathLike]
+PathLike = Path | str | os.PathLike
 
 __all__ = []
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ SOUND_EVENT_ANNOTATION_NAMESPACE = uuid.uuid5(
 )
 
 
-EventFn = Callable[[data.SoundEventAnnotation], Optional[str]]
+EventFn = Callable[[data.SoundEventAnnotation], str | None]
 
 ClassFn = Callable[[data.Recording], int]
 
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ def get_sound_event_tags(
 
 def file_annotation_to_clip(
     file_annotation: FileAnnotation,
-    audio_dir: Optional[PathLike] = None,
+    audio_dir: PathLike | None = None,
     label_key: str = "class",
 ) -> data.Clip:
     """Convert file annotation to recording."""

src/batdetect2/data/annotations/registry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from typing import Literal
+
+from batdetect2.core import ImportConfig, Registry, add_import_config
+from batdetect2.data.annotations.types import AnnotationLoader
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AnnotationFormatImportConfig",
+    "annotation_format_registry",
+]
+
+annotation_format_registry: Registry[AnnotationLoader, []] = Registry(
+    "annotation_format",
+    discriminator="format",
+)
+
+
+@add_import_config(annotation_format_registry)
+class AnnotationFormatImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Import escape hatch for the annotation format registry.
+
+    Use this config to dynamically instantiate any callable as an
+    annotation loader without registering it in
+    ``annotation_format_registry`` ahead of time.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    format : Literal["import"]
+        Discriminator value; must always be ``"import"``.
+    target : str
+        Fully-qualified dotted path to the callable to instantiate.
+    arguments : dict[str, Any]
+        Keyword arguments forwarded to the callable.
+    """
+
+    format: Literal["import"] = "import"

src/batdetect2/data/annotations/types.py

@@ -1,9 +1,13 @@
 from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Protocol
+
+from soundevent import data
 
 from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
 
 __all__ = [
     "AnnotatedDataset",
+    "AnnotationLoader",
 ]
 
 
@@ -34,3 +38,10 @@ class AnnotatedDataset(BaseConfig):
     name: str
     audio_dir: Path
     description: str = ""
+
+
+class AnnotationLoader(Protocol):
+    def load(
+        self,
+        base_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
+    ) -> data.AnnotationSet: ...

src/batdetect2/data/conditions.py

@@ -1,18 +1,33 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import Annotated, List, Literal, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Annotated, List, Literal, Sequence
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
 from soundevent.geometry import compute_bounds
 
 from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
-from batdetect2.core.registries import Registry
+from batdetect2.core.registries import (
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
 
 SoundEventCondition = Callable[[data.SoundEventAnnotation], bool]
 
 conditions: Registry[SoundEventCondition, []] = Registry("condition")
 
 
+@add_import_config(conditions)
+class SoundEventConditionImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a sound event condition.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class HasTagConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["has_tag"] = "has_tag"
     tag: data.Tag
@@ -264,16 +279,14 @@ class Not:
 
 
 SoundEventConditionConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    HasTagConfig
-        HasTagConfig,
+    | HasAllTagsConfig
-        HasAllTagsConfig,
+    | HasAnyTagConfig
-        HasAnyTagConfig,
+    | DurationConfig
-        DurationConfig,
+    | FrequencyConfig
-        FrequencyConfig,
+    | AllOfConfig
-        AllOfConfig,
+    | AnyOfConfig
-        AnyOfConfig,
+    | NotConfig,
-        NotConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/data/datasets.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ The core components are:
 """
 
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import List, Sequence
 
 from loguru import logger
 from pydantic import Field
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ class DatasetConfig(BaseConfig):
     description: str
     sources: List[AnnotationFormats]
 
-    sound_event_filter: Optional[SoundEventConditionConfig] = None
+    sound_event_filter: SoundEventConditionConfig | None = None
     sound_event_transforms: List[SoundEventTransformConfig] = Field(
         default_factory=list
     )
@@ -77,7 +77,7 @@ class DatasetConfig(BaseConfig):
 
 def load_dataset(
     config: DatasetConfig,
-    base_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+    base_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
 ) -> Dataset:
     """Load all clip annotations from the sources defined in a DatasetConfig."""
     clip_annotations = []
@@ -161,14 +161,14 @@ def insert_source_tag(
     )
 
 
-def load_dataset_config(path: data.PathLike, field: Optional[str] = None):
+def load_dataset_config(path: data.PathLike, field: str | None = None):
     return load_config(path=path, schema=DatasetConfig, field=field)
 
 
 def load_dataset_from_config(
     path: data.PathLike,
-    field: Optional[str] = None,
+    field: str | None = None,
-    base_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+    base_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
 ) -> Dataset:
     """Load dataset annotation metadata from a configuration file.
 
@@ -215,9 +215,9 @@ def load_dataset_from_config(
 def save_dataset(
     dataset: Dataset,
     path: data.PathLike,
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
-    description: Optional[str] = None,
+    description: str | None = None,
-    audio_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+    audio_dir: Path | None = None,
 ) -> None:
     """Save a loaded dataset (list of ClipAnnotations) to a file.
 

src/batdetect2/data/iterators.py

@@ -1,16 +1,15 @@
 from collections.abc import Generator
-from typing import Optional, Tuple
 
 from soundevent import data
 
 from batdetect2.data.datasets import Dataset
-from batdetect2.typing.targets import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 
 def iterate_over_sound_events(
     dataset: Dataset,
     targets: TargetProtocol,
-) -> Generator[Tuple[Optional[str], data.SoundEventAnnotation], None, None]:
+) -> Generator[tuple[str | None, data.SoundEventAnnotation], None, None]:
     """Iterate over sound events in a dataset.
 
     Parameters
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ def iterate_over_sound_events(
 
     Yields
     ------
-    Tuple[Optional[str], data.SoundEventAnnotation]
+    tuple[Optional[str], data.SoundEventAnnotation]
         A tuple containing:
         - The encoded class name (str) for the sound event, or None if it
           cannot be encoded to a specific class.

src/batdetect2/data/predictions/base.py

@@ -1,29 +0,0 @@
-from pathlib import Path
-
-from soundevent.data import PathLike
-
-from batdetect2.core import Registry
-from batdetect2.typing import (
-    OutputFormatterProtocol,
-    TargetProtocol,
-)
-
-
-def make_path_relative(path: PathLike, audio_dir: PathLike) -> Path:
-    path = Path(path)
-    audio_dir = Path(audio_dir)
-
-    if path.is_absolute():
-        if not path.is_relative_to(audio_dir):
-            raise ValueError(
-                f"Audio file {path} is not in audio_dir {audio_dir}"
-            )
-
-        return path.relative_to(audio_dir)
-
-    return path
-
-
-prediction_formatters: Registry[OutputFormatterProtocol, [TargetProtocol]] = (
-    Registry(name="output_formatter")
-)

src/batdetect2/data/split.py

@@ -1,5 +1,3 @@
-from typing import Optional, Tuple
-
 from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split
 
 from batdetect2.data.datasets import Dataset
@@ -7,15 +5,15 @@ from batdetect2.data.summary import (
     extract_recordings_df,
     extract_sound_events_df,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing.targets import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 
 def split_dataset_by_recordings(
     dataset: Dataset,
     targets: TargetProtocol,
     train_size: float = 0.75,
-    random_state: Optional[int] = None,
+    random_state: int | None = None,
-) -> Tuple[Dataset, Dataset]:
+) -> tuple[Dataset, Dataset]:
     recordings = extract_recordings_df(dataset)
 
     sound_events = extract_sound_events_df(
@@ -26,13 +24,15 @@ def split_dataset_by_recordings(
     )
 
     majority_class = (
-        sound_events.groupby("recording_id")
+        sound_events.groupby("recording_id")  # type: ignore
         .apply(
-            lambda group: group["class_name"]  # type: ignore
+            lambda group: (
-            .value_counts()
+                group["class_name"]
-            .sort_values(ascending=False)
+                .value_counts()
-            .index[0],
+                .sort_values(ascending=False)
-            include_groups=False,  # type: ignore
+                .index[0]
+            ),
+            include_groups=False,
         )
         .rename("class_name")
         .to_frame()
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ def split_dataset_by_recordings(
         random_state=random_state,
     )
 
-    train_ids_set = set(train.values)  # type: ignore
+    train_ids_set = set(train.values)
-    test_ids_set = set(test.values)  # type: ignore
+    test_ids_set = set(test.values)
 
     extra = set(recordings["recording_id"]) - train_ids_set - test_ids_set
 

src/batdetect2/data/summary.py

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@ import pandas as pd
 from soundevent.geometry import compute_bounds
 
 from batdetect2.data.datasets import Dataset
-from batdetect2.typing.targets import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
     "extract_recordings_df",
@@ -175,14 +175,14 @@ def compute_class_summary(
         .rename("num recordings")
     )
     durations = (
-        sound_events.groupby("class_name")
+        sound_events.groupby("class_name")  # ty: ignore[no-matching-overload]
         .apply(
             lambda group: recordings[
                 recordings["clip_annotation_id"].isin(
-                    group["clip_annotation_id"]  # type: ignore
+                    group["clip_annotation_id"]
                 )
             ]["duration"].sum(),
-            include_groups=False,  # type: ignore
+            include_groups=False,
         )
         .sort_values(ascending=False)
         .rename("duration")

src/batdetect2/data/transforms.py

@@ -1,11 +1,15 @@
 from collections.abc import Callable
-from typing import Annotated, Dict, List, Literal, Optional, Union
+from typing import Annotated, Dict, List, Literal
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
 
 from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
-from batdetect2.core.registries import Registry
+from batdetect2.core.registries import (
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
 from batdetect2.data.conditions import (
     SoundEventCondition,
     SoundEventConditionConfig,
@@ -20,6 +24,17 @@ SoundEventTransform = Callable[
 transforms: Registry[SoundEventTransform, []] = Registry("transform")
 
 
+@add_import_config(transforms)
+class SoundEventTransformImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a sound event transform.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class SetFrequencyBoundConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["set_frequency"] = "set_frequency"
     boundary: Literal["low", "high"] = "low"
@@ -142,7 +157,7 @@ class MapTagValueConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["map_tag_value"] = "map_tag_value"
     tag_key: str
     value_mapping: Dict[str, str]
-    target_key: Optional[str] = None
+    target_key: str | None = None
 
 
 class MapTagValue:
@@ -150,7 +165,7 @@ class MapTagValue:
         self,
         tag_key: str,
         value_mapping: Dict[str, str],
-        target_key: Optional[str] = None,
+        target_key: str | None = None,
     ):
         self.tag_key = tag_key
         self.value_mapping = value_mapping
@@ -176,12 +191,7 @@ class MapTagValue:
             if self.target_key is None:
                 tags.append(tag.model_copy(update=dict(value=value)))
             else:
-                tags.append(
+                tags.append(data.Tag(key=self.target_key, value=value))
-                    data.Tag(
-                        key=self.target_key,  # type: ignore
-                        value=value,
-                    )
-                )
 
         return sound_event_annotation.model_copy(update=dict(tags=tags))
 
@@ -221,13 +231,11 @@ class ApplyAll:
 
 
 SoundEventTransformConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    SetFrequencyBoundConfig
-        SetFrequencyBoundConfig,
+    | ReplaceTagConfig
-        ReplaceTagConfig,
+    | MapTagValueConfig
-        MapTagValueConfig,
+    | ApplyIfConfig
-        ApplyIfConfig,
+    | ApplyAllConfig,
-        ApplyAllConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/detector/compute_features.py

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 """Functions to compute features from predictions."""
 
-from typing import Dict, List, Optional
+from typing import Dict, List
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ def compute_bandwidth(
 
 def compute_max_power_bb(
     prediction: types.Prediction,
-    spec: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+    spec: np.ndarray | None = None,
     min_freq: int = MIN_FREQ_HZ,
     max_freq: int = MAX_FREQ_HZ,
     **_,
@@ -131,7 +131,7 @@ def compute_max_power_bb(
 
 def compute_max_power(
     prediction: types.Prediction,
-    spec: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+    spec: np.ndarray | None = None,
     min_freq: int = MIN_FREQ_HZ,
     max_freq: int = MAX_FREQ_HZ,
     **_,
@@ -157,7 +157,7 @@ def compute_max_power(
 
 def compute_max_power_first(
     prediction: types.Prediction,
-    spec: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+    spec: np.ndarray | None = None,
     min_freq: int = MIN_FREQ_HZ,
     max_freq: int = MAX_FREQ_HZ,
     **_,
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ def compute_max_power_first(
 
 def compute_max_power_second(
     prediction: types.Prediction,
-    spec: Optional[np.ndarray] = None,
+    spec: np.ndarray | None = None,
     min_freq: int = MIN_FREQ_HZ,
     max_freq: int = MAX_FREQ_HZ,
     **_,
@@ -211,7 +211,7 @@ def compute_max_power_second(
 
 def compute_call_interval(
     prediction: types.Prediction,
-    previous: Optional[types.Prediction] = None,
+    previous: types.Prediction | None = None,
     **_,
 ) -> float:
     """Compute time between this call and the previous call in seconds."""

src/batdetect2/detector/parameters.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import datetime
 import os
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import List, Optional, Union
+from typing import List
 
 from pydantic import BaseModel, Field, computed_field
 
@@ -198,8 +198,8 @@ class TrainingParameters(BaseModel):
 def get_params(
     make_dirs: bool = False,
     exps_dir: str = "../../experiments/",
-    model_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    model_name: str | None = None,
-    experiment: Union[Path, str, None] = None,
+    experiment: Path | str | None = None,
     **kwargs,
 ) -> TrainingParameters:
     experiments_dir = Path(exps_dir)

src/batdetect2/detector/post_process.py

@@ -1,7 +1,5 @@
 """Post-processing of the output of the model."""
 
-from typing import List, Tuple, Union
-
 import numpy as np
 import torch
 from torch import nn
@@ -45,7 +43,7 @@ def run_nms(
     outputs: ModelOutput,
     params: NonMaximumSuppressionConfig,
     sampling_rate: np.ndarray,
-) -> Tuple[List[PredictionResults], List[np.ndarray]]:
+) -> tuple[list[PredictionResults], list[np.ndarray]]:
     """Run non-maximum suppression on the output of the model.
 
     Model outputs processed are expected to have a batch dimension.
@@ -73,8 +71,8 @@ def run_nms(
     scores, y_pos, x_pos = get_topk_scores(pred_det_nms, top_k)
 
     # loop over batch to save outputs
-    preds: List[PredictionResults] = []
+    preds: list[PredictionResults] = []
-    feats: List[np.ndarray] = []
+    feats: list[np.ndarray] = []
     for num_detection in range(pred_det_nms.shape[0]):
         # get valid indices
         inds_ord = torch.argsort(x_pos[num_detection, :])
@@ -151,7 +149,7 @@ def run_nms(
 
 def non_max_suppression(
     heat: torch.Tensor,
-    kernel_size: Union[int, Tuple[int, int]],
+    kernel_size: int | tuple[int, int],
 ):
     # kernel can be an int or list/tuple
     if isinstance(kernel_size, int):

src/batdetect2/evaluate/__init__.py

@@ -1,15 +1,32 @@
-from batdetect2.evaluate.config import EvaluationConfig, load_evaluation_config
+from batdetect2.evaluate.config import EvaluationConfig
-from batdetect2.evaluate.evaluate import DEFAULT_EVAL_DIR, evaluate
+from batdetect2.evaluate.evaluate import DEFAULT_EVAL_DIR, run_evaluate
 from batdetect2.evaluate.evaluator import Evaluator, build_evaluator
+from batdetect2.evaluate.results import save_evaluation_results
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks import TaskConfig, build_task
+from batdetect2.evaluate.types import (
+    AffinityFunction,
+    ClipMatches,
+    EvaluationTaskProtocol,
+    EvaluatorProtocol,
+    MetricsProtocol,
+    PlotterProtocol,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
+    "AffinityFunction",
+    "ClipMatches",
+    "DEFAULT_EVAL_DIR",
     "EvaluationConfig",
+    "EvaluationTaskProtocol",
     "Evaluator",
+    "EvaluatorProtocol",
+    "MatchEvaluation",
+    "MatcherProtocol",
+    "MetricsProtocol",
+    "PlotterProtocol",
     "TaskConfig",
     "build_evaluator",
     "build_task",
-    "evaluate",
+    "run_evaluate",
-    "load_evaluation_config",
+    "save_evaluation_results",
-    "DEFAULT_EVAL_DIR",
 ]

src/batdetect2/evaluate/affinity.py

@@ -1,76 +1,116 @@
-from typing import Annotated, Literal, Optional, Union
+from typing import Annotated, Literal
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
-from soundevent.evaluation import compute_affinity
+from soundevent.geometry import (
-from soundevent.geometry import compute_interval_overlap
+    buffer_geometry,
+    compute_bbox_iou,
+    compute_geometric_iou,
+    compute_temporal_closeness,
+    compute_temporal_iou,
+)
 
-from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
+from batdetect2.core import (
-from batdetect2.core.registries import Registry
+    BaseConfig,
-from batdetect2.typing.evaluate import AffinityFunction
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
+from batdetect2.evaluate.types import AffinityFunction
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import Detection
 
 affinity_functions: Registry[AffinityFunction, []] = Registry(
-    "matching_strategy"
+    "affinity_function"
 )
 
 
+@add_import_config(affinity_functions)
+class AffinityFunctionImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as an affinity function.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class TimeAffinityConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["time_affinity"] = "time_affinity"
-    time_buffer: float = 0.01
+    position: Literal["start", "end", "center"] | float = "start"
+    max_distance: float = 0.01
 
 
 class TimeAffinity(AffinityFunction):
-    def __init__(self, time_buffer: float):
+    def __init__(
-        self.time_buffer = time_buffer
+        self,
+        max_distance: float = 0.01,
+        position: Literal["start", "end", "center"] | float = "start",
+    ):
+        if position == "start":
+            position = 0
+        elif position == "end":
+            position = 1
+        elif position == "center":
+            position = 0.5
 
-    def __call__(self, geometry1: data.Geometry, geometry2: data.Geometry):
+        self.position = position
-        return compute_timestamp_affinity(
+        self.max_distance = max_distance
-            geometry1, geometry2, time_buffer=self.time_buffer
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        detection: Detection,
+        ground_truth: data.SoundEventAnnotation,
+    ) -> float:
+        target_geometry = ground_truth.sound_event.geometry
+        source_geometry = detection.geometry
+        return compute_temporal_closeness(
+            target_geometry,
+            source_geometry,
+            ratio=self.position,
+            max_distance=self.max_distance,
         )
 
     @affinity_functions.register(TimeAffinityConfig)
     @staticmethod
     def from_config(config: TimeAffinityConfig):
-        return TimeAffinity(time_buffer=config.time_buffer)
+        return TimeAffinity(
-
+            max_distance=config.max_distance,
-
+            position=config.position,
-def compute_timestamp_affinity(
+        )
-    geometry1: data.Geometry,
-    geometry2: data.Geometry,
-    time_buffer: float = 0.01,
-) -> float:
-    assert isinstance(geometry1, data.TimeStamp)
-    assert isinstance(geometry2, data.TimeStamp)
-
-    start_time1 = geometry1.coordinates
-    start_time2 = geometry2.coordinates
-
-    a = min(start_time1, start_time2)
-    b = max(start_time1, start_time2)
-
-    if b - a >= 2 * time_buffer:
-        return 0
-
-    intersection = a - b + 2 * time_buffer
-    union = b - a + 2 * time_buffer
-    return intersection / union
 
 
 class IntervalIOUConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["interval_iou"] = "interval_iou"
-    time_buffer: float = 0.01
+    time_buffer: float = 0.0
 
 
 class IntervalIOU(AffinityFunction):
     def __init__(self, time_buffer: float):
+        if time_buffer < 0:
+            raise ValueError("time_buffer must be non-negative")
+
         self.time_buffer = time_buffer
 
-    def __call__(self, geometry1: data.Geometry, geometry2: data.Geometry):
+    def __call__(
-        return compute_interval_iou(
+        self,
-            geometry1,
+        detection: Detection,
-            geometry2,
+        ground_truth: data.SoundEventAnnotation,
-            time_buffer=self.time_buffer,
+    ) -> float:
-        )
+        target_geometry = ground_truth.sound_event.geometry
+        source_geometry = detection.geometry
+
+        if self.time_buffer > 0:
+            target_geometry = buffer_geometry(
+                target_geometry,
+                time=self.time_buffer,
+            )
+            source_geometry = buffer_geometry(
+                source_geometry,
+                time=self.time_buffer,
+            )
+
+        return compute_temporal_iou(target_geometry, source_geometry)
 
     @affinity_functions.register(IntervalIOUConfig)
     @staticmethod
@@ -78,64 +118,44 @@ class IntervalIOU(AffinityFunction):
         return IntervalIOU(time_buffer=config.time_buffer)
 
 
-def compute_interval_iou(
-    geometry1: data.Geometry,
-    geometry2: data.Geometry,
-    time_buffer: float = 0.01,
-) -> float:
-    assert isinstance(geometry1, data.TimeInterval)
-    assert isinstance(geometry2, data.TimeInterval)
-
-    start_time1, end_time1 = geometry1.coordinates
-    start_time2, end_time2 = geometry1.coordinates
-
-    start_time1 -= time_buffer
-    start_time2 -= time_buffer
-    end_time1 += time_buffer
-    end_time2 += time_buffer
-
-    intersection = compute_interval_overlap(
-        (start_time1, end_time1),
-        (start_time2, end_time2),
-    )
-
-    union = (
-        (end_time1 - start_time1) + (end_time2 - start_time2) - intersection
-    )
-
-    if union == 0:
-        return 0
-
-    return intersection / union
-
-
 class BBoxIOUConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["bbox_iou"] = "bbox_iou"
-    time_buffer: float = 0.01
+    time_buffer: float = 0.0
-    freq_buffer: float = 1000
+    freq_buffer: float = 0.0
 
 
 class BBoxIOU(AffinityFunction):
     def __init__(self, time_buffer: float, freq_buffer: float):
+        if time_buffer < 0:
+            raise ValueError("time_buffer must be non-negative")
+
+        if freq_buffer < 0:
+            raise ValueError("freq_buffer must be non-negative")
+
         self.time_buffer = time_buffer
         self.freq_buffer = freq_buffer
 
-    def __call__(self, geometry1: data.Geometry, geometry2: data.Geometry):
+    def __call__(
-        if not isinstance(geometry1, data.BoundingBox):
+        self,
-            raise TypeError(
+        detection: Detection,
-                f"Expected geometry1 to be a BoundingBox, got {type(geometry1)}"
+        ground_truth: data.SoundEventAnnotation,
+    ):
+        target_geometry = ground_truth.sound_event.geometry
+        source_geometry = detection.geometry
+
+        if self.time_buffer > 0 or self.freq_buffer > 0:
+            target_geometry = buffer_geometry(
+                target_geometry,
+                time=self.time_buffer,
+                freq=self.freq_buffer,
+            )
+            source_geometry = buffer_geometry(
+                source_geometry,
+                time=self.time_buffer,
+                freq=self.freq_buffer,
             )
 
-        if not isinstance(geometry2, data.BoundingBox):
+        return compute_bbox_iou(target_geometry, source_geometry)
-            raise TypeError(
-                f"Expected geometry2 to be a BoundingBox, got {type(geometry2)}"
-            )
-        return bbox_iou(
-            geometry1,
-            geometry2,
-            time_buffer=self.time_buffer,
-            freq_buffer=self.freq_buffer,
-        )
 
     @affinity_functions.register(BBoxIOUConfig)
     @staticmethod
@@ -146,65 +166,44 @@ class BBoxIOU(AffinityFunction):
         )
 
 
-def bbox_iou(
-    geometry1: data.BoundingBox,
-    geometry2: data.BoundingBox,
-    time_buffer: float = 0.01,
-    freq_buffer: float = 1000,
-) -> float:
-    start_time1, low_freq1, end_time1, high_freq1 = geometry1.coordinates
-    start_time2, low_freq2, end_time2, high_freq2 = geometry2.coordinates
-
-    start_time1 -= time_buffer
-    start_time2 -= time_buffer
-    end_time1 += time_buffer
-    end_time2 += time_buffer
-
-    low_freq1 -= freq_buffer
-    low_freq2 -= freq_buffer
-    high_freq1 += freq_buffer
-    high_freq2 += freq_buffer
-
-    time_intersection = compute_interval_overlap(
-        (start_time1, end_time1),
-        (start_time2, end_time2),
-    )
-
-    freq_intersection = max(
-        0,
-        min(high_freq1, high_freq2) - max(low_freq1, low_freq2),
-    )
-
-    intersection = time_intersection * freq_intersection
-
-    if intersection == 0:
-        return 0
-
-    union = (
-        (end_time1 - start_time1) * (high_freq1 - low_freq1)
-        + (end_time2 - start_time2) * (high_freq2 - low_freq2)
-        - intersection
-    )
-
-    return intersection / union
-
-
 class GeometricIOUConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["geometric_iou"] = "geometric_iou"
-    time_buffer: float = 0.01
+    time_buffer: float = 0.0
-    freq_buffer: float = 1000
+    freq_buffer: float = 0.0
 
 
 class GeometricIOU(AffinityFunction):
-    def __init__(self, time_buffer: float):
+    def __init__(self, time_buffer: float = 0, freq_buffer: float = 0):
-        self.time_buffer = time_buffer
+        if time_buffer < 0:
+            raise ValueError("time_buffer must be non-negative")
 
-    def __call__(self, geometry1: data.Geometry, geometry2: data.Geometry):
+        if freq_buffer < 0:
-        return compute_affinity(
+            raise ValueError("freq_buffer must be non-negative")
-            geometry1,
+
-            geometry2,
+        self.time_buffer = time_buffer
-            time_buffer=self.time_buffer,
+        self.freq_buffer = freq_buffer
-        )
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        detection: Detection,
+        ground_truth: data.SoundEventAnnotation,
+    ):
+        target_geometry = ground_truth.sound_event.geometry
+        source_geometry = detection.geometry
+
+        if self.time_buffer > 0 or self.freq_buffer > 0:
+            target_geometry = buffer_geometry(
+                target_geometry,
+                time=self.time_buffer,
+                freq=self.freq_buffer,
+            )
+            source_geometry = buffer_geometry(
+                source_geometry,
+                time=self.time_buffer,
+                freq=self.freq_buffer,
+            )
+
+        return compute_geometric_iou(target_geometry, source_geometry)
 
     @affinity_functions.register(GeometricIOUConfig)
     @staticmethod
@@ -213,18 +212,16 @@ class GeometricIOU(AffinityFunction):
 
 
 AffinityConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    TimeAffinityConfig
-        TimeAffinityConfig,
+    | IntervalIOUConfig
-        IntervalIOUConfig,
+    | BBoxIOUConfig
-        BBoxIOUConfig,
+    | GeometricIOUConfig,
-        GeometricIOUConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 
 
 def build_affinity_function(
-    config: Optional[AffinityConfig] = None,
+    config: AffinityConfig | None = None,
 ) -> AffinityFunction:
     config = config or GeometricIOUConfig()
     return affinity_functions.build(config)

src/batdetect2/evaluate/config.py

@@ -1,19 +1,14 @@
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import List
 
 from pydantic import Field
-from soundevent import data
 
-from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig, load_config
+from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
-from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks import (
+from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks import TaskConfig
-    TaskConfig,
-)
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.classification import ClassificationTaskConfig
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.detection import DetectionTaskConfig
-from batdetect2.logging import CSVLoggerConfig, LoggerConfig
 
 __all__ = [
     "EvaluationConfig",
-    "load_evaluation_config",
 ]
 
 
@@ -24,7 +19,6 @@ class EvaluationConfig(BaseConfig):
             ClassificationTaskConfig(),
         ]
     )
-    logger: LoggerConfig = Field(default_factory=CSVLoggerConfig)
 
 
 def get_default_eval_config() -> EvaluationConfig:
@@ -47,10 +41,3 @@ def get_default_eval_config() -> EvaluationConfig:
             ]
         }
     )
-
-
-def load_evaluation_config(
-    path: data.PathLike,
-    field: Optional[str] = None,
-) -> EvaluationConfig:
-    return load_config(path, schema=EvaluationConfig, field=field)

src/batdetect2/evaluate/dataset.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import List, NamedTuple, Sequence
 
 import torch
 from loguru import logger
@@ -8,14 +8,11 @@ from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Dataset
 
 from batdetect2.audio import ClipConfig, build_audio_loader, build_clipper
 from batdetect2.audio.clips import PaddedClipConfig
+from batdetect2.audio.types import AudioLoader, ClipperProtocol
 from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig
 from batdetect2.core.arrays import adjust_width
 from batdetect2.preprocess import build_preprocessor
-from batdetect2.typing import (
+from batdetect2.preprocess.types import PreprocessorProtocol
-    AudioLoader,
-    ClipperProtocol,
-    PreprocessorProtocol,
-)
 
 __all__ = [
     "TestDataset",
@@ -39,8 +36,8 @@ class TestDataset(Dataset[TestExample]):
         clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
         audio_loader: AudioLoader,
         preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol,
-        clipper: Optional[ClipperProtocol] = None,
+        clipper: ClipperProtocol | None = None,
-        audio_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+        audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
     ):
         self.clip_annotations = list(clip_annotations)
         self.clipper = clipper
@@ -51,8 +48,8 @@ class TestDataset(Dataset[TestExample]):
     def __len__(self):
         return len(self.clip_annotations)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> TestExample:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> TestExample:
-        clip_annotation = self.clip_annotations[idx]
+        clip_annotation = self.clip_annotations[index]
 
         if self.clipper is not None:
             clip_annotation = self.clipper(clip_annotation)
@@ -63,14 +60,13 @@ class TestDataset(Dataset[TestExample]):
         spectrogram = self.preprocessor(wav_tensor)
         return TestExample(
             spec=spectrogram,
-            idx=torch.tensor(idx),
+            idx=torch.tensor(index),
             start_time=torch.tensor(clip.start_time),
             end_time=torch.tensor(clip.end_time),
         )
 
 
 class TestLoaderConfig(BaseConfig):
-    num_workers: int = 0
     clipping_strategy: ClipConfig = Field(
         default_factory=lambda: PaddedClipConfig()
     )
@@ -78,10 +74,10 @@ class TestLoaderConfig(BaseConfig):
 
 def build_test_loader(
     clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
-    audio_loader: Optional[AudioLoader] = None,
+    audio_loader: AudioLoader | None = None,
-    preprocessor: Optional[PreprocessorProtocol] = None,
+    preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol | None = None,
-    config: Optional[TestLoaderConfig] = None,
+    config: TestLoaderConfig | None = None,
-    num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_workers: int = 0,
 ) -> DataLoader[TestExample]:
     logger.info("Building test data loader...")
     config = config or TestLoaderConfig()
@@ -97,7 +93,6 @@ def build_test_loader(
         config=config,
     )
 
-    num_workers = num_workers or config.num_workers
     return DataLoader(
         test_dataset,
         batch_size=1,
@@ -109,9 +104,9 @@ def build_test_loader(
 
 def build_test_dataset(
     clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
-    audio_loader: Optional[AudioLoader] = None,
+    audio_loader: AudioLoader | None = None,
-    preprocessor: Optional[PreprocessorProtocol] = None,
+    preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol | None = None,
-    config: Optional[TestLoaderConfig] = None,
+    config: TestLoaderConfig | None = None,
 ) -> TestDataset:
     logger.info("Building training dataset...")
     config = config or TestLoaderConfig()

src/batdetect2/evaluate/evaluate.py

@@ -1,56 +1,51 @@
 from pathlib import Path
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, Dict, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple
+from typing import Sequence
 
 from lightning import Trainer
 from soundevent import data
 
-from batdetect2.audio import build_audio_loader
+from batdetect2.audio import AudioConfig, build_audio_loader
+from batdetect2.audio.types import AudioLoader
+from batdetect2.evaluate import EvaluationConfig
 from batdetect2.evaluate.dataset import build_test_loader
 from batdetect2.evaluate.evaluator import build_evaluator
 from batdetect2.evaluate.lightning import EvaluationModule
-from batdetect2.logging import build_logger
+from batdetect2.logging import CSVLoggerConfig, LoggerConfig, build_logger
 from batdetect2.models import Model
-from batdetect2.preprocess import build_preprocessor
+from batdetect2.outputs import OutputsConfig, build_output_transform
-from batdetect2.targets import build_targets
+from batdetect2.outputs.types import OutputFormatterProtocol
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import RawPrediction
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections
-
+from batdetect2.preprocess.types import PreprocessorProtocol
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
-    from batdetect2.config import BatDetect2Config
-    from batdetect2.typing import (
-        AudioLoader,
-        OutputFormatterProtocol,
-        PreprocessorProtocol,
-        TargetProtocol,
-    )
 
 DEFAULT_EVAL_DIR: Path = Path("outputs") / "evaluations"
 
 
-def evaluate(
+def run_evaluate(
     model: Model,
     test_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
-    targets: Optional["TargetProtocol"] = None,
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
-    audio_loader: Optional["AudioLoader"] = None,
+    audio_loader: AudioLoader | None = None,
-    preprocessor: Optional["PreprocessorProtocol"] = None,
+    preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol | None = None,
-    config: Optional["BatDetect2Config"] = None,
+    audio_config: AudioConfig | None = None,
-    formatter: Optional["OutputFormatterProtocol"] = None,
+    evaluation_config: EvaluationConfig | None = None,
-    num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+    output_config: OutputsConfig | None = None,
+    logger_config: LoggerConfig | None = None,
+    formatter: OutputFormatterProtocol | None = None,
+    num_workers: int = 0,
     output_dir: data.PathLike = DEFAULT_EVAL_DIR,
-    experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    experiment_name: str | None = None,
-    run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    run_name: str | None = None,
-) -> Tuple[Dict[str, float], List[List[RawPrediction]]]:
+) -> tuple[dict[str, float], list[ClipDetections]]:
-    from batdetect2.config import BatDetect2Config
 
-    config = config or BatDetect2Config()
+    audio_config = audio_config or AudioConfig()
+    evaluation_config = evaluation_config or EvaluationConfig()
+    output_config = output_config or OutputsConfig()
 
-    audio_loader = audio_loader or build_audio_loader(config=config.audio)
+    audio_loader = audio_loader or build_audio_loader(config=audio_config)
 
-    preprocessor = preprocessor or build_preprocessor(
+    preprocessor = preprocessor or model.preprocessor
-        config=config.preprocess,
+    targets = targets or model.targets
-        input_samplerate=audio_loader.samplerate,
-    )
-
-    targets = targets or build_targets(config=config.targets)
 
     loader = build_test_loader(
         test_annotations,
@@ -59,15 +54,26 @@ def evaluate(
         num_workers=num_workers,
     )
 
-    evaluator = build_evaluator(config=config.evaluation, targets=targets)
+    output_transform = build_output_transform(
+        config=output_config.transform,
+        targets=targets,
+    )
+    evaluator = build_evaluator(
+        config=evaluation_config,
+        targets=targets,
+        transform=output_transform,
+    )
 
     logger = build_logger(
-        config.evaluation.logger,
+        logger_config or CSVLoggerConfig(),
         log_dir=Path(output_dir),
         experiment_name=experiment_name,
         run_name=run_name,
     )
-    module = EvaluationModule(model, evaluator)
+    module = EvaluationModule(
+        model,
+        evaluator,
+    )
     trainer = Trainer(logger=logger, enable_checkpointing=False)
     metrics = trainer.test(module, loader)
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/evaluator.py

@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
-from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Any, Dict, Iterable, List, Sequence, Tuple
 
 from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 from soundevent import data
 
 from batdetect2.evaluate.config import EvaluationConfig
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks import build_task
+from batdetect2.evaluate.types import EvaluationTaskProtocol, EvaluatorProtocol
+from batdetect2.outputs import OutputTransformProtocol, build_output_transform
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections, ClipDetectionsTensor
 from batdetect2.targets import build_targets
-from batdetect2.typing import EvaluatorProtocol, TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import BatDetect2Prediction
 
 __all__ = [
     "Evaluator",
@@ -19,15 +21,27 @@ class Evaluator:
     def __init__(
         self,
         targets: TargetProtocol,
-        tasks: Sequence[EvaluatorProtocol],
+        transform: OutputTransformProtocol,
+        tasks: Sequence[EvaluationTaskProtocol],
     ):
         self.targets = targets
+        self.transform = transform
         self.tasks = tasks
 
+    def to_clip_detections_batch(
+        self,
+        clip_detections: Sequence[ClipDetectionsTensor],
+        clips: Sequence[data.Clip],
+    ) -> list[ClipDetections]:
+        return [
+            self.transform.to_clip_detections(detections=dets, clip=clip)
+            for dets, clip in zip(clip_detections, clips, strict=False)
+        ]
+
     def evaluate(
         self,
         clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
-        predictions: Sequence[BatDetect2Prediction],
+        predictions: Sequence[ClipDetections],
     ) -> List[Any]:
         return [
             task.evaluate(clip_annotations, predictions) for task in self.tasks
@@ -36,7 +50,7 @@ class Evaluator:
     def compute_metrics(self, eval_outputs: List[Any]) -> Dict[str, float]:
         results = {}
 
-        for task, outputs in zip(self.tasks, eval_outputs):
+        for task, outputs in zip(self.tasks, eval_outputs, strict=False):
             results.update(task.compute_metrics(outputs))
 
         return results
@@ -45,14 +59,15 @@ class Evaluator:
         self,
         eval_outputs: List[Any],
     ) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]:
-        for task, outputs in zip(self.tasks, eval_outputs):
+        for task, outputs in zip(self.tasks, eval_outputs, strict=False):
             for name, fig in task.generate_plots(outputs):
                 yield name, fig
 
 
 def build_evaluator(
-    config: Optional[Union[EvaluationConfig, dict]] = None,
+    config: EvaluationConfig | dict | None = None,
-    targets: Optional[TargetProtocol] = None,
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
+    transform: OutputTransformProtocol | None = None,
 ) -> EvaluatorProtocol:
     targets = targets or build_targets()
 
@@ -62,7 +77,10 @@ def build_evaluator(
     if not isinstance(config, EvaluationConfig):
         config = EvaluationConfig.model_validate(config)
 
+    transform = transform or build_output_transform(targets=targets)
+
     return Evaluator(
         targets=targets,
+        transform=transform,
         tasks=[build_task(task, targets=targets) for task in config.tasks],
     )

src/batdetect2/evaluate/legacy/evaluate_models.py

@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ def train_rf_model(x_train, y_train, num_classes, seed=2001):
     clf = RandomForestClassifier(random_state=seed, n_jobs=-1)
     clf.fit(x_train, y_train)
     y_pred = clf.predict(x_train)
-    tr_acc = (y_pred == y_train).mean()
+    (y_pred == y_train).mean()
     # print('Train acc', round(tr_acc*100, 2))
     return clf, un_train_class
 
@@ -450,7 +450,7 @@ def add_root_path_back(data_sets, ann_path, wav_path):
 
 
 def check_classes_in_train(gt_list, class_names):
-    num_gt_total = np.sum([gg["start_times"].shape[0] for gg in gt_list])
+    np.sum([gg["start_times"].shape[0] for gg in gt_list])
     num_with_no_class = 0
     for gt in gt_list:
         for cc in gt["class_names"]:
@@ -569,7 +569,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
     num_with_no_class = check_classes_in_train(gt_test, class_names)
     if total_num_calls == num_with_no_class:
         print("Classes from the test set are not in the train set.")
-        assert False
+        raise AssertionError()
 
     # only need the train data if evaluating Sonobat or Tadarida
     if args["sb_ip_dir"] != "" or args["td_ip_dir"] != "":
@@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
         # check if the class names are the same
         if params_bd["class_names"] != class_names:
             print("Warning: Class names are not the same as the trained model")
-            assert False
+            raise AssertionError()
 
         run_config = {
             **bd_args,
@@ -753,7 +753,7 @@ if __name__ == "__main__":
 
         preds_bd = []
         device = torch.device("cuda" if torch.cuda.is_available() else "cpu")
-        for ii, gg in enumerate(gt_test):
+        for gg in gt_test:
             pred = du.process_file(
                 gg["file_path"],
                 model,

src/batdetect2/evaluate/lightning.py

@@ -5,11 +5,10 @@ from soundevent import data
 from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
 
 from batdetect2.evaluate.dataset import TestDataset, TestExample
+from batdetect2.evaluate.types import EvaluatorProtocol
 from batdetect2.logging import get_image_logger
 from batdetect2.models import Model
-from batdetect2.postprocess import to_raw_predictions
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections
-from batdetect2.typing import EvaluatorProtocol
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import BatDetect2Prediction
 
 
 class EvaluationModule(LightningModule):
@@ -24,7 +23,7 @@ class EvaluationModule(LightningModule):
         self.evaluator = evaluator
 
         self.clip_annotations: List[data.ClipAnnotation] = []
-        self.predictions: List[BatDetect2Prediction] = []
+        self.predictions: List[ClipDetections] = []
 
     def test_step(self, batch: TestExample, batch_idx: int):
         dataset = self.get_dataset()
@@ -34,22 +33,11 @@ class EvaluationModule(LightningModule):
         ]
 
         outputs = self.model.detector(batch.spec)
-        clip_detections = self.model.postprocessor(
+        clip_detections = self.model.postprocessor(outputs)
-            outputs,
+        predictions = self.evaluator.to_clip_detections_batch(
-            start_times=[ca.clip.start_time for ca in clip_annotations],
+            clip_detections,
+            [clip_annotation.clip for clip_annotation in clip_annotations],
         )
-        predictions = [
-            BatDetect2Prediction(
-                clip=clip_annotation.clip,
-                predictions=to_raw_predictions(
-                    clip_dets.numpy(),
-                    targets=self.evaluator.targets,
-                ),
-            )
-            for clip_annotation, clip_dets in zip(
-                clip_annotations, clip_detections
-            )
-        ]
 
         self.clip_annotations.extend(clip_annotations)
         self.predictions.extend(predictions)

src/batdetect2/evaluate/match.py

@@ -1,617 +0,0 @@
-from collections.abc import Callable, Iterable, Mapping
-from typing import Annotated, List, Literal, Optional, Sequence, Tuple, Union
-
-import numpy as np
-from pydantic import Field
-from scipy.optimize import linear_sum_assignment
-from soundevent import data
-from soundevent.evaluation import compute_affinity
-from soundevent.geometry import buffer_geometry, compute_bounds, scale_geometry
-
-from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig, Registry
-from batdetect2.evaluate.affinity import (
-    AffinityConfig,
-    BBoxIOUConfig,
-    GeometricIOUConfig,
-    build_affinity_function,
-)
-from batdetect2.targets import build_targets
-from batdetect2.typing import (
-    AffinityFunction,
-    MatcherProtocol,
-    MatchEvaluation,
-    RawPrediction,
-    TargetProtocol,
-)
-from batdetect2.typing.evaluate import ClipMatches
-
-MatchingGeometry = Literal["bbox", "interval", "timestamp"]
-"""The geometry representation to use for matching."""
-
-matching_strategies = Registry("matching_strategy")
-
-
-def match(
-    sound_event_annotations: Sequence[data.SoundEventAnnotation],
-    raw_predictions: Sequence[RawPrediction],
-    clip: data.Clip,
-    scores: Optional[Sequence[float]] = None,
-    targets: Optional[TargetProtocol] = None,
-    matcher: Optional[MatcherProtocol] = None,
-) -> ClipMatches:
-    if matcher is None:
-        matcher = build_matcher()
-
-    if targets is None:
-        targets = build_targets()
-
-    target_geometries: List[data.Geometry] = [  # type: ignore
-        sound_event_annotation.sound_event.geometry
-        for sound_event_annotation in sound_event_annotations
-    ]
-
-    predicted_geometries = [
-        raw_prediction.geometry for raw_prediction in raw_predictions
-    ]
-
-    if scores is None:
-        scores = [
-            raw_prediction.detection_score
-            for raw_prediction in raw_predictions
-        ]
-
-    matches = []
-
-    for source_idx, target_idx, affinity in matcher(
-        ground_truth=target_geometries,
-        predictions=predicted_geometries,
-        scores=scores,
-    ):
-        target = (
-            sound_event_annotations[target_idx]
-            if target_idx is not None
-            else None
-        )
-        prediction = (
-            raw_predictions[source_idx] if source_idx is not None else None
-        )
-
-        gt_det = target_idx is not None
-        gt_class = targets.encode_class(target) if target is not None else None
-        gt_geometry = (
-            target_geometries[target_idx] if target_idx is not None else None
-        )
-
-        pred_score = float(prediction.detection_score) if prediction else 0
-        pred_geometry = (
-            predicted_geometries[source_idx]
-            if source_idx is not None
-            else None
-        )
-
-        class_scores = (
-            {
-                class_name: score
-                for class_name, score in zip(
-                    targets.class_names,
-                    prediction.class_scores,
-                )
-            }
-            if prediction is not None
-            else {}
-        )
-
-        matches.append(
-            MatchEvaluation(
-                clip=clip,
-                sound_event_annotation=target,
-                gt_det=gt_det,
-                gt_class=gt_class,
-                gt_geometry=gt_geometry,
-                pred_score=pred_score,
-                pred_class_scores=class_scores,
-                pred_geometry=pred_geometry,
-                affinity=affinity,
-            )
-        )
-
-    return ClipMatches(clip=clip, matches=matches)
-
-
-class StartTimeMatchConfig(BaseConfig):
-    name: Literal["start_time_match"] = "start_time_match"
-    distance_threshold: float = 0.01
-
-
-class StartTimeMatcher(MatcherProtocol):
-    def __init__(self, distance_threshold: float):
-        self.distance_threshold = distance_threshold
-
-    def __call__(
-        self,
-        ground_truth: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-        predictions: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-        scores: Sequence[float],
-    ):
-        return match_start_times(
-            ground_truth,
-            predictions,
-            scores,
-            distance_threshold=self.distance_threshold,
-        )
-
-    @matching_strategies.register(StartTimeMatchConfig)
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_config(config: StartTimeMatchConfig):
-        return StartTimeMatcher(distance_threshold=config.distance_threshold)
-
-
-def match_start_times(
-    ground_truth: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-    predictions: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-    scores: Sequence[float],
-    distance_threshold: float = 0.01,
-) -> Iterable[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], float]]:
-    if not ground_truth:
-        for index in range(len(predictions)):
-            yield index, None, 0
-
-        return
-
-    if not predictions:
-        for index in range(len(ground_truth)):
-            yield None, index, 0
-
-        return
-
-    gt_times = np.array([compute_bounds(geom)[0] for geom in ground_truth])
-    pred_times = np.array([compute_bounds(geom)[0] for geom in predictions])
-
-    scores = np.array(scores)
-    sort_args = np.argsort(scores)[::-1]
-
-    distances = np.abs(gt_times[None, :] - pred_times[:, None])
-    closests = np.argmin(distances, axis=-1)
-
-    unmatched_gt = set(range(len(gt_times)))
-
-    for pred_index in sort_args:
-        # Get the closest ground truth
-        gt_closest_index = closests[pred_index]
-
-        if gt_closest_index not in unmatched_gt:
-            # Does not match if closest has been assigned
-            yield pred_index, None, 0
-            continue
-
-        # Get the actual distance
-        distance = distances[pred_index, gt_closest_index]
-
-        if distance > distance_threshold:
-            # Does not match if too far from closest
-            yield pred_index, None, 0
-            continue
-
-        # Return affinity value: linear interpolation between 0 to 1, where a
-        # distance at the threshold maps to 0 affinity and a zero distance maps
-        # to 1.
-        affinity = np.interp(
-            distance,
-            [0, distance_threshold],
-            [1, 0],
-            left=1,
-            right=0,
-        )
-        unmatched_gt.remove(gt_closest_index)
-        yield pred_index, gt_closest_index, affinity
-
-    for missing_index in unmatched_gt:
-        yield None, missing_index, 0
-
-
-def _to_bbox(geometry: data.Geometry) -> data.BoundingBox:
-    start_time, low_freq, end_time, high_freq = compute_bounds(geometry)
-    return data.BoundingBox(
-        coordinates=[start_time, low_freq, end_time, high_freq]
-    )
-
-
-def _to_interval(geometry: data.Geometry) -> data.TimeInterval:
-    start_time, _, end_time, _ = compute_bounds(geometry)
-    return data.TimeInterval(coordinates=[start_time, end_time])
-
-
-def _to_timestamp(geometry: data.Geometry) -> data.TimeStamp:
-    start_time = compute_bounds(geometry)[0]
-    return data.TimeStamp(coordinates=start_time)
-
-
-_geometry_cast_functions: Mapping[
-    MatchingGeometry, Callable[[data.Geometry], data.Geometry]
-] = {
-    "bbox": _to_bbox,
-    "interval": _to_interval,
-    "timestamp": _to_timestamp,
-}
-
-
-class GreedyMatchConfig(BaseConfig):
-    name: Literal["greedy_match"] = "greedy_match"
-    geometry: MatchingGeometry = "timestamp"
-    affinity_threshold: float = 0.5
-    affinity_function: AffinityConfig = Field(
-        default_factory=GeometricIOUConfig
-    )
-
-
-class GreedyMatcher(MatcherProtocol):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        geometry: MatchingGeometry,
-        affinity_threshold: float,
-        affinity_function: AffinityFunction,
-    ):
-        self.geometry = geometry
-        self.affinity_function = affinity_function
-        self.affinity_threshold = affinity_threshold
-        self.cast_geometry = _geometry_cast_functions[self.geometry]
-
-    def __call__(
-        self,
-        ground_truth: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-        predictions: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-        scores: Sequence[float],
-    ):
-        return greedy_match(
-            ground_truth=[self.cast_geometry(geom) for geom in ground_truth],
-            predictions=[self.cast_geometry(geom) for geom in predictions],
-            scores=scores,
-            affinity_function=self.affinity_function,
-            affinity_threshold=self.affinity_threshold,
-        )
-
-    @matching_strategies.register(GreedyMatchConfig)
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_config(config: GreedyMatchConfig):
-        affinity_function = build_affinity_function(config.affinity_function)
-        return GreedyMatcher(
-            geometry=config.geometry,
-            affinity_threshold=config.affinity_threshold,
-            affinity_function=affinity_function,
-        )
-
-
-def greedy_match(
-    ground_truth: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-    predictions: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-    scores: Sequence[float],
-    affinity_threshold: float = 0.5,
-    affinity_function: AffinityFunction = compute_affinity,
-) -> Iterable[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], float]]:
-    """Performs a greedy, one-to-one matching of source to target geometries.
-
-    Iterates through source geometries, prioritizing by score if provided. Each
-    source is matched to the best available target, provided the affinity
-    exceeds the threshold and the target has not already been assigned.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    source
-        A list of source geometries (e.g., predictions).
-    target
-        A list of target geometries (e.g., ground truths).
-    scores
-        Confidence scores for each source geometry for prioritization.
-    affinity_threshold
-        The minimum affinity score required for a valid match.
-
-    Yields
-    ------
-    Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], float]
-        A 3-element tuple describing a match or a miss. There are three
-        possible formats:
-        - Successful Match: `(source_idx, target_idx, affinity)`
-        - Unmatched Source (False Positive): `(source_idx, None, 0)`
-        - Unmatched Target (False Negative): `(None, target_idx, 0)`
-    """
-    unassigned_gt = set(range(len(ground_truth)))
-
-    if not predictions:
-        for gt_idx in range(len(ground_truth)):
-            yield None, gt_idx, 0
-
-        return
-
-    if not ground_truth:
-        for pred_idx in range(len(predictions)):
-            yield pred_idx, None, 0
-
-        return
-
-    indices = np.argsort(scores)[::-1]
-
-    for pred_idx in indices:
-        source_geometry = predictions[pred_idx]
-
-        affinities = np.array(
-            [
-                affinity_function(source_geometry, target_geometry)
-                for target_geometry in ground_truth
-            ]
-        )
-
-        closest_target = int(np.argmax(affinities))
-        affinity = affinities[closest_target]
-
-        if affinities[closest_target] <= affinity_threshold:
-            yield pred_idx, None, 0
-            continue
-
-        if closest_target not in unassigned_gt:
-            yield pred_idx, None, 0
-            continue
-
-        unassigned_gt.remove(closest_target)
-        yield pred_idx, closest_target, affinity
-
-    for gt_idx in unassigned_gt:
-        yield None, gt_idx, 0
-
-
-class GreedyAffinityMatchConfig(BaseConfig):
-    name: Literal["greedy_affinity_match"] = "greedy_affinity_match"
-    affinity_function: AffinityConfig = Field(default_factory=BBoxIOUConfig)
-    affinity_threshold: float = 0.5
-    time_buffer: float = 0
-    frequency_buffer: float = 0
-    time_scale: float = 1.0
-    frequency_scale: float = 1.0
-
-
-class GreedyAffinityMatcher(MatcherProtocol):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        affinity_threshold: float,
-        affinity_function: AffinityFunction,
-        time_buffer: float = 0,
-        frequency_buffer: float = 0,
-        time_scale: float = 1.0,
-        frequency_scale: float = 1.0,
-    ):
-        self.affinity_threshold = affinity_threshold
-        self.affinity_function = affinity_function
-        self.time_buffer = time_buffer
-        self.frequency_buffer = frequency_buffer
-        self.time_scale = time_scale
-        self.frequency_scale = frequency_scale
-
-    def __call__(
-        self,
-        ground_truth: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-        predictions: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-        scores: Sequence[float],
-    ):
-        if self.time_buffer != 0 or self.frequency_buffer != 0:
-            ground_truth = [
-                buffer_geometry(
-                    geometry,
-                    time_buffer=self.time_buffer,
-                    freq_buffer=self.frequency_buffer,
-                )
-                for geometry in ground_truth
-            ]
-
-            predictions = [
-                buffer_geometry(
-                    geometry,
-                    time_buffer=self.time_buffer,
-                    freq_buffer=self.frequency_buffer,
-                )
-                for geometry in predictions
-            ]
-
-        affinity_matrix = compute_affinity_matrix(
-            ground_truth,
-            predictions,
-            self.affinity_function,
-            time_scale=self.time_scale,
-            frequency_scale=self.frequency_scale,
-        )
-
-        return select_greedy_matches(
-            affinity_matrix,
-            affinity_threshold=self.affinity_threshold,
-        )
-
-    @matching_strategies.register(GreedyAffinityMatchConfig)
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_config(config: GreedyAffinityMatchConfig):
-        affinity_function = build_affinity_function(config.affinity_function)
-        return GreedyAffinityMatcher(
-            affinity_threshold=config.affinity_threshold,
-            affinity_function=affinity_function,
-            time_scale=config.time_scale,
-            frequency_scale=config.frequency_scale,
-        )
-
-
-class OptimalMatchConfig(BaseConfig):
-    name: Literal["optimal_affinity_match"] = "optimal_affinity_match"
-    affinity_function: AffinityConfig = Field(default_factory=BBoxIOUConfig)
-    affinity_threshold: float = 0.5
-    time_buffer: float = 0
-    frequency_buffer: float = 0
-    time_scale: float = 1.0
-    frequency_scale: float = 1.0
-
-
-class OptimalMatcher(MatcherProtocol):
-    def __init__(
-        self,
-        affinity_threshold: float,
-        affinity_function: AffinityFunction,
-        time_buffer: float = 0,
-        frequency_buffer: float = 0,
-        time_scale: float = 1.0,
-        frequency_scale: float = 1.0,
-    ):
-        self.affinity_threshold = affinity_threshold
-        self.affinity_function = affinity_function
-        self.time_buffer = time_buffer
-        self.frequency_buffer = frequency_buffer
-        self.time_scale = time_scale
-        self.frequency_scale = frequency_scale
-
-    def __call__(
-        self,
-        ground_truth: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-        predictions: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-        scores: Sequence[float],
-    ):
-        if self.time_buffer != 0 or self.frequency_buffer != 0:
-            ground_truth = [
-                buffer_geometry(
-                    geometry,
-                    time_buffer=self.time_buffer,
-                    freq_buffer=self.frequency_buffer,
-                )
-                for geometry in ground_truth
-            ]
-
-            predictions = [
-                buffer_geometry(
-                    geometry,
-                    time_buffer=self.time_buffer,
-                    freq_buffer=self.frequency_buffer,
-                )
-                for geometry in predictions
-            ]
-
-        affinity_matrix = compute_affinity_matrix(
-            ground_truth,
-            predictions,
-            self.affinity_function,
-            time_scale=self.time_scale,
-            frequency_scale=self.frequency_scale,
-        )
-        return select_optimal_matches(
-            affinity_matrix,
-            affinity_threshold=self.affinity_threshold,
-        )
-
-    @matching_strategies.register(OptimalMatchConfig)
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_config(config: OptimalMatchConfig):
-        affinity_function = build_affinity_function(config.affinity_function)
-        return OptimalMatcher(
-            affinity_threshold=config.affinity_threshold,
-            affinity_function=affinity_function,
-            time_buffer=config.time_buffer,
-            frequency_buffer=config.frequency_buffer,
-            time_scale=config.time_scale,
-            frequency_scale=config.frequency_scale,
-        )
-
-
-MatchConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
-        GreedyMatchConfig,
-        StartTimeMatchConfig,
-        OptimalMatchConfig,
-        GreedyAffinityMatchConfig,
-    ],
-    Field(discriminator="name"),
-]
-
-
-def compute_affinity_matrix(
-    ground_truth: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-    predictions: Sequence[data.Geometry],
-    affinity_function: AffinityFunction,
-    time_scale: float = 1,
-    frequency_scale: float = 1,
-) -> np.ndarray:
-    # Scale geometries if necessary
-    if time_scale != 1 or frequency_scale != 1:
-        ground_truth = [
-            scale_geometry(geometry, time_scale, frequency_scale)
-            for geometry in ground_truth
-        ]
-
-        predictions = [
-            scale_geometry(geometry, time_scale, frequency_scale)
-            for geometry in predictions
-        ]
-
-    affinity_matrix = np.zeros((len(ground_truth), len(predictions)))
-    for gt_idx, gt_geometry in enumerate(ground_truth):
-        for pred_idx, pred_geometry in enumerate(predictions):
-            affinity = affinity_function(
-                gt_geometry,
-                pred_geometry,
-            )
-            affinity_matrix[gt_idx, pred_idx] = affinity
-
-    return affinity_matrix
-
-
-def select_optimal_matches(
-    affinity_matrix: np.ndarray,
-    affinity_threshold: float = 0.5,
-) -> Iterable[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], float]]:
-    num_gt, num_pred = affinity_matrix.shape
-    gts = set(range(num_gt))
-    preds = set(range(num_pred))
-
-    assiged_rows, assigned_columns = linear_sum_assignment(
-        affinity_matrix,
-        maximize=True,
-    )
-
-    for gt_idx, pred_idx in zip(assiged_rows, assigned_columns):
-        affinity = float(affinity_matrix[gt_idx, pred_idx])
-
-        if affinity <= affinity_threshold:
-            continue
-
-        yield gt_idx, pred_idx, affinity
-        gts.remove(gt_idx)
-        preds.remove(pred_idx)
-
-    for gt_idx in gts:
-        yield gt_idx, None, 0
-
-    for pred_idx in preds:
-        yield None, pred_idx, 0
-
-
-def select_greedy_matches(
-    affinity_matrix: np.ndarray,
-    affinity_threshold: float = 0.5,
-) -> Iterable[Tuple[Optional[int], Optional[int], float]]:
-    num_gt, num_pred = affinity_matrix.shape
-    unmatched_pred = set(range(num_pred))
-
-    for gt_idx in range(num_gt):
-        row = affinity_matrix[gt_idx]
-
-        top_pred = int(np.argmax(row))
-        top_affinity = float(row[top_pred])
-
-        if (
-            top_affinity <= affinity_threshold
-            or top_pred not in unmatched_pred
-        ):
-            yield None, gt_idx, 0
-            continue
-
-        unmatched_pred.remove(top_pred)
-        yield top_pred, gt_idx, top_affinity
-
-    for pred_idx in unmatched_pred:
-        yield pred_idx, None, 0
-
-
-def build_matcher(config: Optional[MatchConfig] = None) -> MatcherProtocol:
-    config = config or StartTimeMatchConfig()
-    return matching_strategies.build(config)

src/batdetect2/evaluate/metrics/classification.py

@@ -7,10 +7,8 @@ from typing import (
     List,
     Literal,
     Mapping,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -18,16 +16,23 @@ from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics
 from soundevent import data
 
-from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig, Registry
+from batdetect2.core import (
+    BaseConfig,
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.common import (
     average_precision,
     compute_precision_recall,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing import RawPrediction, TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import Detection
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
     "ClassificationMetric",
     "ClassificationMetricConfig",
+    "ClassificationMetricImportConfig",
     "build_classification_metric",
     "compute_precision_recall_curves",
 ]
@@ -36,13 +41,13 @@ __all__ = [
 @dataclass
 class MatchEval:
     clip: data.Clip
-    gt: Optional[data.SoundEventAnnotation]
+    gt: data.SoundEventAnnotation | None
-    pred: Optional[RawPrediction]
+    pred: Detection | None
 
     is_prediction: bool
     is_ground_truth: bool
     is_generic: bool
-    true_class: Optional[str]
+    true_class: str | None
     score: float
 
 
@@ -60,17 +65,28 @@ classification_metrics: Registry[ClassificationMetric, [TargetProtocol]] = (
 )
 
 
+@add_import_config(classification_metrics)
+class ClassificationMetricImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a classification metric.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class BaseClassificationConfig(BaseConfig):
-    include: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    include: List[str] | None = None
-    exclude: Optional[List[str]] = None
+    exclude: List[str] | None = None
 
 
 class BaseClassificationMetric:
     def __init__(
         self,
         targets: TargetProtocol,
-        include: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        include: List[str] | None = None,
-        exclude: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        exclude: List[str] | None = None,
     ):
         self.targets = targets
         self.include = include
@@ -100,8 +116,8 @@ class ClassificationAveragePrecision(BaseClassificationMetric):
         ignore_non_predictions: bool = True,
         ignore_generic: bool = True,
         label: str = "average_precision",
-        include: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        include: List[str] | None = None,
-        exclude: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        exclude: List[str] | None = None,
     ):
         super().__init__(include=include, exclude=exclude, targets=targets)
         self.ignore_non_predictions = ignore_non_predictions
@@ -169,8 +185,8 @@ class ClassificationROCAUC(BaseClassificationMetric):
         ignore_non_predictions: bool = True,
         ignore_generic: bool = True,
         label: str = "roc_auc",
-        include: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        include: List[str] | None = None,
-        exclude: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+        exclude: List[str] | None = None,
     ):
         self.targets = targets
         self.ignore_non_predictions = ignore_non_predictions
@@ -225,10 +241,7 @@ class ClassificationROCAUC(BaseClassificationMetric):
 
 
 ClassificationMetricConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    ClassificationAveragePrecisionConfig | ClassificationROCAUCConfig,
-        ClassificationAveragePrecisionConfig,
-        ClassificationROCAUCConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/metrics/clip_classification.py

@@ -1,13 +1,17 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Annotated, Callable, Dict, Literal, Sequence, Set, Union
+from typing import Annotated, Callable, Dict, Literal, Sequence, Set
 
 import numpy as np
 from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics
 
 from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
-from batdetect2.core.registries import Registry
+from batdetect2.core.registries import (
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.common import average_precision
 
 
@@ -24,6 +28,17 @@ clip_classification_metrics: Registry[ClipClassificationMetric, []] = Registry(
 )
 
 
+@add_import_config(clip_classification_metrics)
+class ClipClassificationMetricImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a clip classification metric.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class ClipClassificationAveragePrecisionConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["average_precision"] = "average_precision"
     label: str = "average_precision"
@@ -123,10 +138,7 @@ class ClipClassificationROCAUC:
 
 
 ClipClassificationMetricConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    ClipClassificationAveragePrecisionConfig | ClipClassificationROCAUCConfig,
-        ClipClassificationAveragePrecisionConfig,
-        ClipClassificationROCAUCConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/metrics/clip_detection.py

@@ -1,12 +1,16 @@
 from dataclasses import dataclass
-from typing import Annotated, Callable, Dict, Literal, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Annotated, Callable, Dict, Literal, Sequence
 
 import numpy as np
 from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics
 
 from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
-from batdetect2.core.registries import Registry
+from batdetect2.core.registries import (
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.common import average_precision
 
 
@@ -23,6 +27,17 @@ clip_detection_metrics: Registry[ClipDetectionMetric, []] = Registry(
 )
 
 
+@add_import_config(clip_detection_metrics)
+class ClipDetectionMetricImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a clip detection metric.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class ClipDetectionAveragePrecisionConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["average_precision"] = "average_precision"
     label: str = "average_precision"
@@ -159,12 +174,10 @@ class ClipDetectionPrecision:
 
 
 ClipDetectionMetricConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    ClipDetectionAveragePrecisionConfig
-        ClipDetectionAveragePrecisionConfig,
+    | ClipDetectionROCAUCConfig
-        ClipDetectionROCAUCConfig,
+    | ClipDetectionRecallConfig
-        ClipDetectionRecallConfig,
+    | ClipDetectionPrecisionConfig,
-        ClipDetectionPrecisionConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/metrics/common.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Optional, Tuple
+from typing import Tuple
 
 import numpy as np
 
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@ __all__ = [
 def compute_precision_recall(
     y_true,
     y_score,
-    num_positives: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_positives: int | None = None,
 ) -> Tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
     y_true = np.array(y_true)
     y_score = np.array(y_score)
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ def compute_precision_recall(
 def average_precision(
     y_true,
     y_score,
-    num_positives: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_positives: int | None = None,
 ) -> float:
     if num_positives == 0:
         return np.nan

src/batdetect2/evaluate/metrics/detection.py

@@ -5,9 +5,7 @@ from typing import (
     Dict,
     List,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -15,21 +13,27 @@ from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics
 from soundevent import data
 
-from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig, Registry
+from batdetect2.core import (
+    BaseConfig,
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.common import average_precision
-from batdetect2.typing import RawPrediction
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import Detection
 
 __all__ = [
     "DetectionMetricConfig",
     "DetectionMetric",
+    "DetectionMetricImportConfig",
     "build_detection_metric",
 ]
 
 
 @dataclass
 class MatchEval:
-    gt: Optional[data.SoundEventAnnotation]
+    gt: data.SoundEventAnnotation | None
-    pred: Optional[RawPrediction]
+    pred: Detection | None
 
     is_prediction: bool
     is_ground_truth: bool
@@ -48,6 +52,17 @@ DetectionMetric = Callable[[Sequence[ClipEval]], Dict[str, float]]
 detection_metrics: Registry[DetectionMetric, []] = Registry("detection_metric")
 
 
+@add_import_config(detection_metrics)
+class DetectionMetricImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a detection metric.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class DetectionAveragePrecisionConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["average_precision"] = "average_precision"
     label: str = "average_precision"
@@ -79,7 +94,7 @@ class DetectionAveragePrecision:
                 y_score.append(m.score)
 
         ap = average_precision(y_true, y_score, num_positives=num_positives)
-        return {self.label: ap}
+        return {self.label: float(ap)}
 
     @detection_metrics.register(DetectionAveragePrecisionConfig)
     @staticmethod
@@ -212,12 +227,10 @@ class DetectionPrecision:
 
 
 DetectionMetricConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    DetectionAveragePrecisionConfig
-        DetectionAveragePrecisionConfig,
+    | DetectionROCAUCConfig
-        DetectionROCAUCConfig,
+    | DetectionRecallConfig
-        DetectionRecallConfig,
+    | DetectionPrecisionConfig,
-        DetectionPrecisionConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/metrics/top_class.py

@@ -1,4 +1,3 @@
-from collections import defaultdict
 from dataclasses import dataclass
 from typing import (
     Annotated,
@@ -6,9 +5,7 @@ from typing import (
     Dict,
     List,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -16,14 +13,20 @@ from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics, preprocessing
 from soundevent import data
 
-from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig, Registry
+from batdetect2.core import (
+    BaseConfig,
+    ImportConfig,
+    Registry,
+    add_import_config,
+)
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.common import average_precision
-from batdetect2.typing import RawPrediction
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import Detection
-from batdetect2.typing.targets import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
     "TopClassMetricConfig",
     "TopClassMetric",
+    "TopClassMetricImportConfig",
     "build_top_class_metric",
 ]
 
@@ -31,14 +34,14 @@ __all__ = [
 @dataclass
 class MatchEval:
     clip: data.Clip
-    gt: Optional[data.SoundEventAnnotation]
+    gt: data.SoundEventAnnotation | None
-    pred: Optional[RawPrediction]
+    pred: Detection | None
 
     is_ground_truth: bool
     is_generic: bool
     is_prediction: bool
-    pred_class: Optional[str]
+    pred_class: str | None
-    true_class: Optional[str]
+    true_class: str | None
     score: float
 
 
@@ -54,6 +57,17 @@ TopClassMetric = Callable[[Sequence[ClipEval]], Dict[str, float]]
 top_class_metrics: Registry[TopClassMetric, []] = Registry("top_class_metric")
 
 
+@add_import_config(top_class_metrics)
+class TopClassMetricImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a top-class metric.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class TopClassAveragePrecisionConfig(BaseConfig):
     name: Literal["average_precision"] = "average_precision"
     label: str = "average_precision"
@@ -301,13 +315,11 @@ class BalancedAccuracy:
 
 
 TopClassMetricConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    TopClassAveragePrecisionConfig
-        TopClassAveragePrecisionConfig,
+    | TopClassROCAUCConfig
-        TopClassROCAUCConfig,
+    | TopClassRecallConfig
-        TopClassRecallConfig,
+    | TopClassPrecisionConfig
-        TopClassPrecisionConfig,
+    | BalancedAccuracyConfig,
-        BalancedAccuracyConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/plots/base.py

@@ -1,16 +1,14 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
 from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 
 from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig
-from batdetect2.typing import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 
 class BasePlotConfig(BaseConfig):
     label: str = "plot"
     theme: str = "default"
-    title: Optional[str] = None
+    title: str | None = None
     figsize: tuple[int, int] = (10, 10)
     dpi: int = 100
 
@@ -21,7 +19,7 @@ class BasePlot:
         targets: TargetProtocol,
         label: str = "plot",
         figsize: tuple[int, int] = (10, 10),
-        title: Optional[str] = None,
+        title: str | None = None,
         dpi: int = 100,
         theme: str = "default",
     ):

src/batdetect2/evaluate/plots/classification.py

@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ from typing import (
     Callable,
     Iterable,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
@@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics
 
-from batdetect2.core import Registry
+from batdetect2.core import ImportConfig, Registry, add_import_config
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.classification import (
     ClipEval,
     _extract_per_class_metric_data,
@@ -31,7 +29,7 @@ from batdetect2.plotting.metrics import (
     plot_threshold_recall_curve,
     plot_threshold_recall_curves,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 ClassificationPlotter = Callable[
     [Sequence[ClipEval]], Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]
@@ -42,10 +40,21 @@ classification_plots: Registry[ClassificationPlotter, [TargetProtocol]] = (
 )
 
 
+@add_import_config(classification_plots)
+class ClassificationPlotImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a classification plot.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class PRCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["pr_curve"] = "pr_curve"
     label: str = "pr_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Classification Precision-Recall Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Classification Precision-Recall Curve"
     ignore_non_predictions: bool = True
     ignore_generic: bool = True
     separate_figures: bool = False
@@ -88,9 +97,7 @@ class PRCurve(BasePlot):
 
             ax = plot_pr_curve(precision, recall, thresholds, ax=ax)
             ax.set_title(class_name)
-
             yield f"{self.label}/{class_name}", fig
-
             plt.close(fig)
 
     @classification_plots.register(PRCurveConfig)
@@ -108,7 +115,7 @@ class PRCurve(BasePlot):
 class ThresholdPrecisionCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["threshold_precision_curve"] = "threshold_precision_curve"
     label: str = "threshold_precision_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Classification Threshold-Precision Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Classification Threshold-Precision Curve"
     ignore_non_predictions: bool = True
     ignore_generic: bool = True
     separate_figures: bool = False
@@ -181,7 +188,7 @@ class ThresholdPrecisionCurve(BasePlot):
 class ThresholdRecallCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["threshold_recall_curve"] = "threshold_recall_curve"
     label: str = "threshold_recall_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Classification Threshold-Recall Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Classification Threshold-Recall Curve"
     ignore_non_predictions: bool = True
     ignore_generic: bool = True
     separate_figures: bool = False
@@ -254,7 +261,7 @@ class ThresholdRecallCurve(BasePlot):
 class ROCCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["roc_curve"] = "roc_curve"
     label: str = "roc_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Classification ROC Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Classification ROC Curve"
     ignore_non_predictions: bool = True
     ignore_generic: bool = True
     separate_figures: bool = False
@@ -326,12 +333,10 @@ class ROCCurve(BasePlot):
 
 
 ClassificationPlotConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    PRCurveConfig
-        PRCurveConfig,
+    | ROCCurveConfig
-        ROCCurveConfig,
+    | ThresholdPrecisionCurveConfig
-        ThresholdPrecisionCurveConfig,
+    | ThresholdRecallCurveConfig,
-        ThresholdRecallCurveConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/plots/clip_classification.py

@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ from typing import (
     Callable,
     Iterable,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
@@ -14,7 +12,7 @@ from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics
 
-from batdetect2.core import Registry
+from batdetect2.core import ImportConfig, Registry, add_import_config
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.clip_classification import ClipEval
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.common import compute_precision_recall
 from batdetect2.evaluate.plots.base import BasePlot, BasePlotConfig
@@ -24,10 +22,11 @@ from batdetect2.plotting.metrics import (
     plot_roc_curve,
     plot_roc_curves,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
     "ClipClassificationPlotConfig",
+    "ClipClassificationPlotImportConfig",
     "ClipClassificationPlotter",
     "build_clip_classification_plotter",
 ]
@@ -41,10 +40,21 @@ clip_classification_plots: Registry[
 ] = Registry("clip_classification_plot")
 
 
+@add_import_config(clip_classification_plots)
+class ClipClassificationPlotImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a clip classification plot.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class PRCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["pr_curve"] = "pr_curve"
     label: str = "pr_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Clip Classification Precision-Recall Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Clip Classification Precision-Recall Curve"
     separate_figures: bool = False
 
 
@@ -111,7 +121,7 @@ class PRCurve(BasePlot):
 class ROCCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["roc_curve"] = "roc_curve"
     label: str = "roc_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Clip Classification ROC Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Clip Classification ROC Curve"
     separate_figures: bool = False
 
 
@@ -174,10 +184,7 @@ class ROCCurve(BasePlot):
 
 
 ClipClassificationPlotConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    PRCurveConfig | ROCCurveConfig,
-        PRCurveConfig,
-        ROCCurveConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/plots/clip_detection.py

@@ -3,10 +3,8 @@ from typing import (
     Callable,
     Iterable,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import pandas as pd
@@ -15,15 +13,16 @@ from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics
 
-from batdetect2.core import Registry
+from batdetect2.core import ImportConfig, Registry, add_import_config
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.clip_detection import ClipEval
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.common import compute_precision_recall
 from batdetect2.evaluate.plots.base import BasePlot, BasePlotConfig
 from batdetect2.plotting.metrics import plot_pr_curve, plot_roc_curve
-from batdetect2.typing import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
     "ClipDetectionPlotConfig",
+    "ClipDetectionPlotImportConfig",
     "ClipDetectionPlotter",
     "build_clip_detection_plotter",
 ]
@@ -38,10 +37,21 @@ clip_detection_plots: Registry[ClipDetectionPlotter, [TargetProtocol]] = (
 )
 
 
+@add_import_config(clip_detection_plots)
+class ClipDetectionPlotImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a clip detection plot.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class PRCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["pr_curve"] = "pr_curve"
     label: str = "pr_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Clip Detection Precision-Recall Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Clip Detection Precision-Recall Curve"
 
 
 class PRCurve(BasePlot):
@@ -74,7 +84,7 @@ class PRCurve(BasePlot):
 class ROCCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["roc_curve"] = "roc_curve"
     label: str = "roc_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Clip Detection ROC Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Clip Detection ROC Curve"
 
 
 class ROCCurve(BasePlot):
@@ -107,7 +117,7 @@ class ROCCurve(BasePlot):
 class ScoreDistributionPlotConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["score_distribution"] = "score_distribution"
     label: str = "score_distribution"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Clip Detection Score Distribution"
+    title: str | None = "Clip Detection Score Distribution"
 
 
 class ScoreDistributionPlot(BasePlot):
@@ -147,11 +157,7 @@ class ScoreDistributionPlot(BasePlot):
 
 
 ClipDetectionPlotConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    PRCurveConfig | ROCCurveConfig | ScoreDistributionPlotConfig,
-        PRCurveConfig,
-        ROCCurveConfig,
-        ScoreDistributionPlotConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/plots/detection.py

@@ -4,10 +4,8 @@ from typing import (
     Callable,
     Iterable,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
@@ -18,14 +16,16 @@ from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics
 
 from batdetect2.audio import AudioConfig, build_audio_loader
-from batdetect2.core import Registry
+from batdetect2.audio.types import AudioLoader
+from batdetect2.core import ImportConfig, Registry, add_import_config
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.common import compute_precision_recall
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.detection import ClipEval
 from batdetect2.evaluate.plots.base import BasePlot, BasePlotConfig
 from batdetect2.plotting.detections import plot_clip_detections
 from batdetect2.plotting.metrics import plot_pr_curve, plot_roc_curve
 from batdetect2.preprocess import PreprocessingConfig, build_preprocessor
-from batdetect2.typing import AudioLoader, PreprocessorProtocol, TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.preprocess.types import PreprocessorProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 DetectionPlotter = Callable[[Sequence[ClipEval]], Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]]
 
@@ -34,10 +34,21 @@ detection_plots: Registry[DetectionPlotter, [TargetProtocol]] = Registry(
 )
 
 
+@add_import_config(detection_plots)
+class DetectionPlotImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a detection plot.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class PRCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["pr_curve"] = "pr_curve"
     label: str = "pr_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Detection Precision-Recall Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Detection Precision-Recall Curve"
     ignore_non_predictions: bool = True
     ignore_generic: bool = True
 
@@ -100,7 +111,7 @@ class PRCurve(BasePlot):
 class ROCCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["roc_curve"] = "roc_curve"
     label: str = "roc_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Detection ROC Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Detection ROC Curve"
     ignore_non_predictions: bool = True
     ignore_generic: bool = True
 
@@ -159,7 +170,7 @@ class ROCCurve(BasePlot):
 class ScoreDistributionPlotConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["score_distribution"] = "score_distribution"
     label: str = "score_distribution"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Detection Score Distribution"
+    title: str | None = "Detection Score Distribution"
     ignore_non_predictions: bool = True
     ignore_generic: bool = True
 
@@ -226,7 +237,7 @@ class ScoreDistributionPlot(BasePlot):
 class ExampleDetectionPlotConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["example_detection"] = "example_detection"
     label: str = "example_detection"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Example Detection"
+    title: str | None = "Example Detection"
     figsize: tuple[int, int] = (10, 4)
     num_examples: int = 5
     threshold: float = 0.2
@@ -292,12 +303,10 @@ class ExampleDetectionPlot(BasePlot):
 
 
 DetectionPlotConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    PRCurveConfig
-        PRCurveConfig,
+    | ROCCurveConfig
-        ROCCurveConfig,
+    | ScoreDistributionPlotConfig
-        ScoreDistributionPlotConfig,
+    | ExampleDetectionPlotConfig,
-        ExampleDetectionPlotConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/plots/top_class.py

@@ -4,14 +4,9 @@ from dataclasses import dataclass, field
 from typing import (
     Annotated,
     Callable,
-    Dict,
     Iterable,
-    List,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
     Sequence,
-    Tuple,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
@@ -21,7 +16,8 @@ from pydantic import Field
 from sklearn import metrics
 
 from batdetect2.audio import AudioConfig, build_audio_loader
-from batdetect2.core import Registry
+from batdetect2.audio.types import AudioLoader
+from batdetect2.core import ImportConfig, Registry, add_import_config
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.common import compute_precision_recall
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.top_class import (
     ClipEval,
@@ -32,19 +28,31 @@ from batdetect2.evaluate.plots.base import BasePlot, BasePlotConfig
 from batdetect2.plotting.gallery import plot_match_gallery
 from batdetect2.plotting.metrics import plot_pr_curve, plot_roc_curve
 from batdetect2.preprocess import PreprocessingConfig, build_preprocessor
-from batdetect2.typing import AudioLoader, PreprocessorProtocol, TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.preprocess.types import PreprocessorProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
-TopClassPlotter = Callable[[Sequence[ClipEval]], Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]]
+TopClassPlotter = Callable[[Sequence[ClipEval]], Iterable[tuple[str, Figure]]]
 
 top_class_plots: Registry[TopClassPlotter, [TargetProtocol]] = Registry(
     name="top_class_plot"
 )
 
 
+@add_import_config(top_class_plots)
+class TopClassPlotImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a top-class plot.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class PRCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["pr_curve"] = "pr_curve"
     label: str = "pr_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Top Class Precision-Recall Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Top Class Precision-Recall Curve"
     ignore_non_predictions: bool = True
     ignore_generic: bool = True
 
@@ -64,7 +72,7 @@ class PRCurve(BasePlot):
     def __call__(
         self,
         clip_evaluations: Sequence[ClipEval],
-    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]:
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Figure]]:
         y_true = []
         y_score = []
         num_positives = 0
@@ -111,7 +119,7 @@ class PRCurve(BasePlot):
 class ROCCurveConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["roc_curve"] = "roc_curve"
     label: str = "roc_curve"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Top Class ROC Curve"
+    title: str | None = "Top Class ROC Curve"
     ignore_non_predictions: bool = True
     ignore_generic: bool = True
 
@@ -131,7 +139,7 @@ class ROCCurve(BasePlot):
     def __call__(
         self,
         clip_evaluations: Sequence[ClipEval],
-    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]:
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Figure]]:
         y_true = []
         y_score = []
 
@@ -173,7 +181,7 @@ class ROCCurve(BasePlot):
 
 class ConfusionMatrixConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["confusion_matrix"] = "confusion_matrix"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Top Class Confusion Matrix"
+    title: str | None = "Top Class Confusion Matrix"
     figsize: tuple[int, int] = (10, 10)
     label: str = "confusion_matrix"
     exclude_generic: bool = True
@@ -214,7 +222,7 @@ class ConfusionMatrix(BasePlot):
     def __call__(
         self,
         clip_evaluations: Sequence[ClipEval],
-    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]:
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Figure]]:
         cm, labels = compute_confusion_matrix(
             clip_evaluations,
             self.targets,
@@ -257,7 +265,7 @@ class ConfusionMatrix(BasePlot):
 class ExampleClassificationPlotConfig(BasePlotConfig):
     name: Literal["example_classification"] = "example_classification"
     label: str = "example_classification"
-    title: Optional[str] = "Example Classification"
+    title: str | None = "Example Classification"
     num_examples: int = 4
     threshold: float = 0.2
     audio: AudioConfig = Field(default_factory=AudioConfig)
@@ -286,26 +294,26 @@ class ExampleClassificationPlot(BasePlot):
     def __call__(
         self,
         clip_evaluations: Sequence[ClipEval],
-    ) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]:
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Figure]]:
         grouped = group_matches(clip_evaluations, threshold=self.threshold)
 
         for class_name, matches in grouped.items():
-            true_positives: List[MatchEval] = get_binned_sample(
+            true_positives: list[MatchEval] = get_binned_sample(
                 matches.true_positives,
                 n_examples=self.num_examples,
             )
 
-            false_positives: List[MatchEval] = get_binned_sample(
+            false_positives: list[MatchEval] = get_binned_sample(
                 matches.false_positives,
                 n_examples=self.num_examples,
             )
 
-            false_negatives: List[MatchEval] = random.sample(
+            false_negatives: list[MatchEval] = random.sample(
                 matches.false_negatives,
                 k=min(self.num_examples, len(matches.false_negatives)),
             )
 
-            cross_triggers: List[MatchEval] = get_binned_sample(
+            cross_triggers: list[MatchEval] = get_binned_sample(
                 matches.cross_triggers, n_examples=self.num_examples
             )
 
@@ -348,12 +356,10 @@ class ExampleClassificationPlot(BasePlot):
 
 
 TopClassPlotConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    PRCurveConfig
-        PRCurveConfig,
+    | ROCCurveConfig
-        ROCCurveConfig,
+    | ConfusionMatrixConfig
-        ConfusionMatrixConfig,
+    | ExampleClassificationPlotConfig,
-        ExampleClassificationPlotConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 
@@ -367,16 +373,16 @@ def build_top_class_plotter(
 
 @dataclass
 class ClassMatches:
-    false_positives: List[MatchEval] = field(default_factory=list)
+    false_positives: list[MatchEval] = field(default_factory=list)
-    false_negatives: List[MatchEval] = field(default_factory=list)
+    false_negatives: list[MatchEval] = field(default_factory=list)
-    true_positives: List[MatchEval] = field(default_factory=list)
+    true_positives: list[MatchEval] = field(default_factory=list)
-    cross_triggers: List[MatchEval] = field(default_factory=list)
+    cross_triggers: list[MatchEval] = field(default_factory=list)
 
 
 def group_matches(
     clip_evals: Sequence[ClipEval],
     threshold: float = 0.2,
-) -> Dict[str, ClassMatches]:
+) -> dict[str, ClassMatches]:
     class_examples = defaultdict(ClassMatches)
 
     for clip_eval in clip_evals:
@@ -405,12 +411,13 @@ def group_matches(
     return class_examples
 
 
-def get_binned_sample(matches: List[MatchEval], n_examples: int = 5):
+def get_binned_sample(matches: list[MatchEval], n_examples: int = 5):
     if len(matches) < n_examples:
         return matches
 
     indices, pred_scores = zip(
-        *[(index, match.score) for index, match in enumerate(matches)]
+        *[(index, match.score) for index, match in enumerate(matches)],
+        strict=False,
     )
 
     bins = pd.qcut(pred_scores, q=n_examples, labels=False, duplicates="drop")

src/batdetect2/evaluate/results.py

@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+import json
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Iterable
+
+from matplotlib.figure import Figure
+from soundevent import data
+
+__all__ = ["save_evaluation_results"]
+
+
+def save_evaluation_results(
+    metrics: dict[str, float],
+    plots: Iterable[tuple[str, Figure]],
+    output_dir: data.PathLike,
+) -> None:
+    """Save evaluation metrics and plots to disk."""
+
+    output_path = Path(output_dir)
+    output_path.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    metrics_path = output_path / "metrics.json"
+    metrics_path.write_text(json.dumps(metrics))
+
+    for figure_name, figure in plots:
+        figure_path = output_path / figure_name
+        figure_path.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+        figure.savefig(figure_path)

src/batdetect2/evaluate/tables.py

@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Annotated, Callable, Literal, Sequence, Union
-
-import pandas as pd
-from pydantic import Field
-from soundevent.geometry import compute_bounds
-
-from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig, Registry
-from batdetect2.typing import ClipMatches
-
-EvaluationTableGenerator = Callable[[Sequence[ClipMatches]], pd.DataFrame]
-
-
-tables_registry: Registry[EvaluationTableGenerator, []] = Registry(
-    "evaluation_table"
-)
-
-
-class FullEvaluationTableConfig(BaseConfig):
-    name: Literal["full_evaluation"] = "full_evaluation"
-
-
-class FullEvaluationTable:
-    def __call__(
-        self, clip_evaluations: Sequence[ClipMatches]
-    ) -> pd.DataFrame:
-        return extract_matches_dataframe(clip_evaluations)
-
-    @tables_registry.register(FullEvaluationTableConfig)
-    @staticmethod
-    def from_config(config: FullEvaluationTableConfig):
-        return FullEvaluationTable()
-
-
-def extract_matches_dataframe(
-    clip_evaluations: Sequence[ClipMatches],
-) -> pd.DataFrame:
-    data = []
-
-    for clip_evaluation in clip_evaluations:
-        for match in clip_evaluation.matches:
-            gt_start_time = gt_low_freq = gt_end_time = gt_high_freq = None
-            pred_start_time = pred_low_freq = pred_end_time = (
-                pred_high_freq
-            ) = None
-
-            sound_event_annotation = match.sound_event_annotation
-
-            if sound_event_annotation is not None:
-                geometry = sound_event_annotation.sound_event.geometry
-                assert geometry is not None
-                gt_start_time, gt_low_freq, gt_end_time, gt_high_freq = (
-                    compute_bounds(geometry)
-                )
-
-            if match.pred_geometry is not None:
-                (
-                    pred_start_time,
-                    pred_low_freq,
-                    pred_end_time,
-                    pred_high_freq,
-                ) = compute_bounds(match.pred_geometry)
-
-            data.append(
-                {
-                    ("recording", "uuid"): match.clip.recording.uuid,
-                    ("clip", "uuid"): match.clip.uuid,
-                    ("clip", "start_time"): match.clip.start_time,
-                    ("clip", "end_time"): match.clip.end_time,
-                    ("gt", "uuid"): match.sound_event_annotation.uuid
-                    if match.sound_event_annotation is not None
-                    else None,
-                    ("gt", "class"): match.gt_class,
-                    ("gt", "det"): match.gt_det,
-                    ("gt", "start_time"): gt_start_time,
-                    ("gt", "end_time"): gt_end_time,
-                    ("gt", "low_freq"): gt_low_freq,
-                    ("gt", "high_freq"): gt_high_freq,
-                    ("pred", "score"): match.pred_score,
-                    ("pred", "class"): match.top_class,
-                    ("pred", "class_score"): match.top_class_score,
-                    ("pred", "start_time"): pred_start_time,
-                    ("pred", "end_time"): pred_end_time,
-                    ("pred", "low_freq"): pred_low_freq,
-                    ("pred", "high_freq"): pred_high_freq,
-                    ("match", "affinity"): match.affinity,
-                    **{
-                        ("pred_class_score", key): value
-                        for key, value in match.pred_class_scores.items()
-                    },
-                }
-            )
-
-    df = pd.DataFrame(data)
-    df.columns = pd.MultiIndex.from_tuples(df.columns)  # type: ignore
-    return df
-
-
-EvaluationTableConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[FullEvaluationTableConfig,], Field(discriminator="name")
-]
-
-
-def build_table_generator(
-    config: EvaluationTableConfig,
-) -> EvaluationTableGenerator:
-    return tables_registry.build(config)

src/batdetect2/evaluate/tasks/__init__.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import Annotated, Optional, Sequence, Union
+from typing import Annotated, Sequence
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
@@ -11,12 +11,10 @@ from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.clip_classification import (
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.clip_detection import ClipDetectionTaskConfig
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.detection import DetectionTaskConfig
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.top_class import TopClassDetectionTaskConfig
+from batdetect2.evaluate.types import EvaluationTaskProtocol
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections
 from batdetect2.targets import build_targets
-from batdetect2.typing import (
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
-    BatDetect2Prediction,
-    EvaluatorProtocol,
-    TargetProtocol,
-)
 
 __all__ = [
     "TaskConfig",
@@ -26,31 +24,29 @@ __all__ = [
 
 
 TaskConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    ClassificationTaskConfig
-        ClassificationTaskConfig,
+    | DetectionTaskConfig
-        DetectionTaskConfig,
+    | ClipDetectionTaskConfig
-        ClipDetectionTaskConfig,
+    | ClipClassificationTaskConfig
-        ClipClassificationTaskConfig,
+    | TopClassDetectionTaskConfig,
-        TopClassDetectionTaskConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 
 
 def build_task(
     config: TaskConfig,
-    targets: Optional[TargetProtocol] = None,
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
-) -> EvaluatorProtocol:
+) -> EvaluationTaskProtocol:
     targets = targets or build_targets()
     return tasks_registry.build(config, targets)
 
 
 def evaluate_task(
     clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
-    predictions: Sequence[BatDetect2Prediction],
+    predictions: Sequence[ClipDetections],
-    task: Optional["str"] = None,
+    task: str | None = None,
-    targets: Optional[TargetProtocol] = None,
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
-    config: Optional[Union[TaskConfig, dict]] = None,
+    config: TaskConfig | dict | None = None,
 ):
     if isinstance(config, BaseTaskConfig):
         task_obj = build_task(config, targets)

src/batdetect2/evaluate/tasks/base.py

@@ -4,78 +4,93 @@ from typing import (
     Generic,
     Iterable,
     List,
-    Optional,
+    Literal,
     Sequence,
     Tuple,
     TypeVar,
 )
 
+from loguru import logger
 from matplotlib.figure import Figure
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
 from soundevent.geometry import compute_bounds
 
-from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig
+from batdetect2.core import (
-from batdetect2.core.registries import Registry
+    BaseConfig,
-from batdetect2.evaluate.match import (
+    ImportConfig,
-    MatchConfig,
+    Registry,
-    StartTimeMatchConfig,
+    add_import_config,
-    build_matcher,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing.evaluate import EvaluatorProtocol, MatcherProtocol
+from batdetect2.evaluate.affinity import (
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import BatDetect2Prediction, RawPrediction
+    AffinityConfig,
-from batdetect2.typing.targets import TargetProtocol
+    TimeAffinityConfig,
+    build_affinity_function,
+)
+from batdetect2.evaluate.types import (
+    AffinityFunction,
+    EvaluationTaskProtocol,
+)
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections, Detection
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
     "BaseTaskConfig",
     "BaseTask",
+    "TaskImportConfig",
 ]
 
-tasks_registry: Registry[EvaluatorProtocol, [TargetProtocol]] = Registry(
+tasks_registry: Registry[EvaluationTaskProtocol, [TargetProtocol]] = Registry(
     "tasks"
 )
 
 
+@add_import_config(tasks_registry)
+class TaskImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as an evaluation task.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 T_Output = TypeVar("T_Output")
 
 
 class BaseTaskConfig(BaseConfig):
     prefix: str
+
     ignore_start_end: float = 0.01
-    matching_strategy: MatchConfig = Field(
-        default_factory=StartTimeMatchConfig
-    )
 
 
-class BaseTask(EvaluatorProtocol, Generic[T_Output]):
+class BaseTask(EvaluationTaskProtocol, Generic[T_Output]):
     targets: TargetProtocol
 
-    matcher: MatcherProtocol
-
     metrics: List[Callable[[Sequence[T_Output]], Dict[str, float]]]
 
     plots: List[Callable[[Sequence[T_Output]], Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]]]
 
-    ignore_start_end: float
-
     prefix: str
 
+    ignore_start_end: float
+
     def __init__(
         self,
-        matcher: MatcherProtocol,
         targets: TargetProtocol,
         metrics: List[Callable[[Sequence[T_Output]], Dict[str, float]]],
         prefix: str,
+        plots: List[
+            Callable[[Sequence[T_Output]], Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]]
+        ]
+        | None = None,
         ignore_start_end: float = 0.01,
-        plots: Optional[
-            List[Callable[[Sequence[T_Output]], Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]]]
-        ] = None,
     ):
-        self.matcher = matcher
+        self.prefix = prefix
+        self.targets = targets
         self.metrics = metrics
         self.plots = plots or []
-        self.targets = targets
-        self.prefix = prefix
         self.ignore_start_end = ignore_start_end
 
     def compute_metrics(
@@ -93,24 +108,30 @@ class BaseTask(EvaluatorProtocol, Generic[T_Output]):
         self, eval_outputs: List[T_Output]
     ) -> Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]:
         for plot in self.plots:
-            for name, fig in plot(eval_outputs):
+            try:
-                yield f"{self.prefix}/{name}", fig
+                for name, fig in plot(eval_outputs):
+                    yield f"{self.prefix}/{name}", fig
+            except Exception as e:
+                logger.error(f"Error plotting {self.prefix}: {e}")
+                continue
 
     def evaluate(
         self,
         clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
-        predictions: Sequence[BatDetect2Prediction],
+        predictions: Sequence[ClipDetections],
     ) -> List[T_Output]:
         return [
             self.evaluate_clip(clip_annotation, preds)
-            for clip_annotation, preds in zip(clip_annotations, predictions)
+            for clip_annotation, preds in zip(
+                clip_annotations, predictions, strict=False
+            )
         ]
 
     def evaluate_clip(
         self,
         clip_annotation: data.ClipAnnotation,
-        prediction: BatDetect2Prediction,
+        prediction: ClipDetections,
-    ) -> T_Output: ...
+    ) -> T_Output: ...  # ty: ignore[empty-body]
 
     def include_sound_event_annotation(
         self,
@@ -121,9 +142,6 @@ class BaseTask(EvaluatorProtocol, Generic[T_Output]):
             return False
 
         geometry = sound_event_annotation.sound_event.geometry
-        if geometry is None:
-            return False
-
         return is_in_bounds(
             geometry,
             clip,
@@ -132,7 +150,7 @@ class BaseTask(EvaluatorProtocol, Generic[T_Output]):
 
     def include_prediction(
         self,
-        prediction: RawPrediction,
+        prediction: Detection,
         clip: data.Clip,
     ) -> bool:
         return is_in_bounds(
@@ -141,25 +159,56 @@ class BaseTask(EvaluatorProtocol, Generic[T_Output]):
             self.ignore_start_end,
         )
 
+
+class BaseSEDTaskConfig(BaseTaskConfig):
+    affinity: AffinityConfig = Field(default_factory=TimeAffinityConfig)
+    affinity_threshold: float = 0
+    strict_match: bool = True
+
+
+class BaseSEDTask(BaseTask[T_Output]):
+    affinity: AffinityFunction
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        prefix: str,
+        targets: TargetProtocol,
+        metrics: List[Callable[[Sequence[T_Output]], Dict[str, float]]],
+        affinity: AffinityFunction,
+        plots: List[
+            Callable[[Sequence[T_Output]], Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]]
+        ]
+        | None = None,
+        affinity_threshold: float = 0,
+        ignore_start_end: float = 0.01,
+        strict_match: bool = True,
+    ):
+        super().__init__(
+            prefix=prefix,
+            metrics=metrics,
+            plots=plots,
+            targets=targets,
+            ignore_start_end=ignore_start_end,
+        )
+        self.affinity = affinity
+        self.affinity_threshold = affinity_threshold
+        self.strict_match = strict_match
+
     @classmethod
     def build(
         cls,
-        config: BaseTaskConfig,
+        config: BaseSEDTaskConfig,
         targets: TargetProtocol,
-        metrics: List[Callable[[Sequence[T_Output]], Dict[str, float]]],
-        plots: Optional[
-            List[Callable[[Sequence[T_Output]], Iterable[Tuple[str, Figure]]]]
-        ] = None,
         **kwargs,
     ):
-        matcher = build_matcher(config.matching_strategy)
+        affinity = build_affinity_function(config.affinity)
         return cls(
-            matcher=matcher,
+            affinity=affinity,
-            targets=targets,
+            affinity_threshold=config.affinity_threshold,
-            metrics=metrics,
-            plots=plots,
             prefix=config.prefix,
             ignore_start_end=config.ignore_start_end,
+            strict_match=config.strict_match,
+            targets=targets,
             **kwargs,
         )
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/tasks/classification.py

@@ -1,10 +1,9 @@
-from typing import (
+from functools import partial
-    List,
+from typing import Literal
-    Literal,
-)
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
+from soundevent.evaluation import match_detections_and_gts
 
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.classification import (
     ClassificationAveragePrecisionConfig,
@@ -18,24 +17,25 @@ from batdetect2.evaluate.plots.classification import (
     build_classification_plotter,
 )
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.base import (
-    BaseTask,
+    BaseSEDTask,
-    BaseTaskConfig,
+    BaseSEDTaskConfig,
     tasks_registry,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing import BatDetect2Prediction, TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections, Detection
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 
-class ClassificationTaskConfig(BaseTaskConfig):
+class ClassificationTaskConfig(BaseSEDTaskConfig):
     name: Literal["sound_event_classification"] = "sound_event_classification"
     prefix: str = "classification"
-    metrics: List[ClassificationMetricConfig] = Field(
+    metrics: list[ClassificationMetricConfig] = Field(
         default_factory=lambda: [ClassificationAveragePrecisionConfig()]
     )
-    plots: List[ClassificationPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    plots: list[ClassificationPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
     include_generics: bool = True
 
 
-class ClassificationTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
+class ClassificationTask(BaseSEDTask[ClipEval]):
     def __init__(
         self,
         *args,
@@ -48,13 +48,13 @@ class ClassificationTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
     def evaluate_clip(
         self,
         clip_annotation: data.ClipAnnotation,
-        prediction: BatDetect2Prediction,
+        prediction: ClipDetections,
     ) -> ClipEval:
         clip = clip_annotation.clip
 
         preds = [
             pred
-            for pred in prediction.predictions
+            for pred in prediction.detections
             if self.include_prediction(pred, clip)
         ]
 
@@ -73,40 +73,40 @@ class ClassificationTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
             gts = [
                 sound_event
                 for sound_event in all_gts
-                if self.is_class(sound_event, class_name)
+                if is_target_class(
+                    sound_event,
+                    class_name,
+                    self.targets,
+                    include_generics=self.include_generics,
+                )
             ]
-            scores = [float(pred.class_scores[class_idx]) for pred in preds]
 
             matches = []
 
-            for pred_idx, gt_idx, _ in self.matcher(
+            for match in match_detections_and_gts(
-                ground_truth=[se.sound_event.geometry for se in gts],  # type: ignore
+                detections=preds,
-                predictions=[pred.geometry for pred in preds],
+                ground_truths=gts,
-                scores=scores,
+                affinity=self.affinity,
+                score=partial(get_class_score, class_idx=class_idx),
+                strict_match=self.strict_match,
+                affinity_threshold=self.affinity_threshold,
             ):
-                gt = gts[gt_idx] if gt_idx is not None else None
-                pred = preds[pred_idx] if pred_idx is not None else None
-
                 true_class = (
-                    self.targets.encode_class(gt) if gt is not None else None
+                    self.targets.encode_class(match.annotation)
+                    if match.annotation is not None
+                    else None
                 )
-
-                score = (
-                    float(pred.class_scores[class_idx])
-                    if pred is not None
-                    else 0
-                )
-
                 matches.append(
                     MatchEval(
                         clip=clip,
-                        gt=gt,
+                        gt=match.annotation,
-                        pred=pred,
+                        pred=match.prediction,
-                        is_prediction=pred is not None,
+                        is_prediction=match.prediction is not None,
-                        is_ground_truth=gt is not None,
+                        is_ground_truth=match.annotation is not None,
-                        is_generic=gt is not None and true_class is None,
+                        is_generic=match.annotation is not None
+                        and true_class is None,
                         true_class=true_class,
-                        score=score,
+                        score=match.prediction_score,
                     )
                 )
 
@@ -114,20 +114,6 @@ class ClassificationTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
 
         return ClipEval(clip=clip, matches=per_class_matches)
 
-    def is_class(
-        self,
-        sound_event: data.SoundEventAnnotation,
-        class_name: str,
-    ) -> bool:
-        sound_event_class = self.targets.encode_class(sound_event)
-
-        if sound_event_class is None and self.include_generics:
-            # Sound events that are generic could be of the given
-            # class
-            return True
-
-        return sound_event_class == class_name
-
     @tasks_registry.register(ClassificationTaskConfig)
     @staticmethod
     def from_config(
@@ -147,4 +133,25 @@ class ClassificationTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
             plots=plots,
             targets=targets,
             metrics=metrics,
+            include_generics=config.include_generics,
         )
+
+
+def get_class_score(pred: Detection, class_idx: int) -> float:
+    return pred.class_scores[class_idx]
+
+
+def is_target_class(
+    sound_event: data.SoundEventAnnotation,
+    class_name: str,
+    targets: TargetProtocol,
+    include_generics: bool = True,
+) -> bool:
+    sound_event_class = targets.encode_class(sound_event)
+
+    if sound_event_class is None and include_generics:
+        # Sound events that are generic could be of the given
+        # class
+        return True
+
+    return sound_event_class == class_name

src/batdetect2/evaluate/tasks/clip_classification.py

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 from collections import defaultdict
-from typing import List, Literal
+from typing import Literal
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
@@ -19,26 +19,26 @@ from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.base import (
     BaseTaskConfig,
     tasks_registry,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import BatDetect2Prediction
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 
 class ClipClassificationTaskConfig(BaseTaskConfig):
     name: Literal["clip_classification"] = "clip_classification"
     prefix: str = "clip_classification"
-    metrics: List[ClipClassificationMetricConfig] = Field(
+    metrics: list[ClipClassificationMetricConfig] = Field(
         default_factory=lambda: [
             ClipClassificationAveragePrecisionConfig(),
         ]
     )
-    plots: List[ClipClassificationPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    plots: list[ClipClassificationPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
 
 
 class ClipClassificationTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
     def evaluate_clip(
         self,
         clip_annotation: data.ClipAnnotation,
-        prediction: BatDetect2Prediction,
+        prediction: ClipDetections,
     ) -> ClipEval:
         clip = clip_annotation.clip
 
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class ClipClassificationTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
             gt_classes.add(class_name)
 
         pred_scores = defaultdict(float)
-        for pred in prediction.predictions:
+        for pred in prediction.detections:
             if not self.include_prediction(pred, clip):
                 continue
 
@@ -78,8 +78,8 @@ class ClipClassificationTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
             build_clip_classification_plotter(plot, targets)
             for plot in config.plots
         ]
-        return ClipClassificationTask.build(
+        return ClipClassificationTask(
-            config=config,
+            prefix=config.prefix,
             plots=plots,
             metrics=metrics,
             targets=targets,

src/batdetect2/evaluate/tasks/clip_detection.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import List, Literal
+from typing import Literal
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
@@ -18,26 +18,26 @@ from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.base import (
     BaseTaskConfig,
     tasks_registry,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import BatDetect2Prediction
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 
 class ClipDetectionTaskConfig(BaseTaskConfig):
     name: Literal["clip_detection"] = "clip_detection"
     prefix: str = "clip_detection"
-    metrics: List[ClipDetectionMetricConfig] = Field(
+    metrics: list[ClipDetectionMetricConfig] = Field(
         default_factory=lambda: [
             ClipDetectionAveragePrecisionConfig(),
         ]
     )
-    plots: List[ClipDetectionPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    plots: list[ClipDetectionPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
 
 
 class ClipDetectionTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
     def evaluate_clip(
         self,
         clip_annotation: data.ClipAnnotation,
-        prediction: BatDetect2Prediction,
+        prediction: ClipDetections,
     ) -> ClipEval:
         clip = clip_annotation.clip
 
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ class ClipDetectionTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
         )
 
         pred_score = 0
-        for pred in prediction.predictions:
+        for pred in prediction.detections:
             if not self.include_prediction(pred, clip):
                 continue
 
@@ -69,8 +69,8 @@ class ClipDetectionTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
             build_clip_detection_plotter(plot, targets)
             for plot in config.plots
         ]
-        return ClipDetectionTask.build(
+        return ClipDetectionTask(
-            config=config,
+            prefix=config.prefix,
             metrics=metrics,
             targets=targets,
             plots=plots,

src/batdetect2/evaluate/tasks/detection.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-from typing import List, Literal
+from typing import Literal
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
+from soundevent.evaluation import match_detections_and_gts
 
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.detection import (
     ClipEval,
@@ -15,28 +16,28 @@ from batdetect2.evaluate.plots.detection import (
     build_detection_plotter,
 )
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.base import (
-    BaseTask,
+    BaseSEDTask,
-    BaseTaskConfig,
+    BaseSEDTaskConfig,
     tasks_registry,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import BatDetect2Prediction
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 
-class DetectionTaskConfig(BaseTaskConfig):
+class DetectionTaskConfig(BaseSEDTaskConfig):
     name: Literal["sound_event_detection"] = "sound_event_detection"
     prefix: str = "detection"
-    metrics: List[DetectionMetricConfig] = Field(
+    metrics: list[DetectionMetricConfig] = Field(
         default_factory=lambda: [DetectionAveragePrecisionConfig()]
     )
-    plots: List[DetectionPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    plots: list[DetectionPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
 
 
-class DetectionTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
+class DetectionTask(BaseSEDTask[ClipEval]):
     def evaluate_clip(
         self,
         clip_annotation: data.ClipAnnotation,
-        prediction: BatDetect2Prediction,
+        prediction: ClipDetections,
     ) -> ClipEval:
         clip = clip_annotation.clip
 
@@ -47,27 +48,26 @@ class DetectionTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
         ]
         preds = [
             pred
-            for pred in prediction.predictions
+            for pred in prediction.detections
             if self.include_prediction(pred, clip)
         ]
-        scores = [pred.detection_score for pred in preds]
 
         matches = []
-        for pred_idx, gt_idx, _ in self.matcher(
+        for match in match_detections_and_gts(
-            ground_truth=[se.sound_event.geometry for se in gts],  # type: ignore
+            detections=preds,
-            predictions=[pred.geometry for pred in preds],
+            ground_truths=gts,
-            scores=scores,
+            affinity=self.affinity,
+            score=lambda pred: pred.detection_score,
+            strict_match=self.strict_match,
+            affinity_threshold=self.affinity_threshold,
         ):
-            gt = gts[gt_idx] if gt_idx is not None else None
-            pred = preds[pred_idx] if pred_idx is not None else None
-
             matches.append(
                 MatchEval(
-                    gt=gt,
+                    gt=match.annotation,
-                    pred=pred,
+                    pred=match.prediction,
-                    is_prediction=pred is not None,
+                    is_prediction=match.prediction is not None,
-                    is_ground_truth=gt is not None,
+                    is_ground_truth=match.annotation is not None,
-                    score=pred.detection_score if pred is not None else 0,
+                    score=match.prediction_score,
                 )
             )
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/tasks/top_class.py

@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
-from typing import List, Literal
+from typing import Literal
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent import data
+from soundevent.evaluation import match_detections_and_gts
 
 from batdetect2.evaluate.metrics.top_class import (
     ClipEval,
@@ -15,28 +16,28 @@ from batdetect2.evaluate.plots.top_class import (
     build_top_class_plotter,
 )
 from batdetect2.evaluate.tasks.base import (
-    BaseTask,
+    BaseSEDTask,
-    BaseTaskConfig,
+    BaseSEDTaskConfig,
     tasks_registry,
 )
-from batdetect2.typing import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import BatDetect2Prediction
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 
-class TopClassDetectionTaskConfig(BaseTaskConfig):
+class TopClassDetectionTaskConfig(BaseSEDTaskConfig):
     name: Literal["top_class_detection"] = "top_class_detection"
     prefix: str = "top_class"
-    metrics: List[TopClassMetricConfig] = Field(
+    metrics: list[TopClassMetricConfig] = Field(
         default_factory=lambda: [TopClassAveragePrecisionConfig()]
     )
-    plots: List[TopClassPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
+    plots: list[TopClassPlotConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
 
 
-class TopClassDetectionTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
+class TopClassDetectionTask(BaseSEDTask[ClipEval]):
     def evaluate_clip(
         self,
         clip_annotation: data.ClipAnnotation,
-        prediction: BatDetect2Prediction,
+        prediction: ClipDetections,
     ) -> ClipEval:
         clip = clip_annotation.clip
 
@@ -47,21 +48,21 @@ class TopClassDetectionTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
         ]
         preds = [
             pred
-            for pred in prediction.predictions
+            for pred in prediction.detections
             if self.include_prediction(pred, clip)
         ]
-        # Take the highest score for each prediction
-        scores = [pred.class_scores.max() for pred in preds]
 
         matches = []
-        for pred_idx, gt_idx, _ in self.matcher(
+        for match in match_detections_and_gts(
-            ground_truth=[se.sound_event.geometry for se in gts],  # type: ignore
+            ground_truths=gts,
-            predictions=[pred.geometry for pred in preds],
+            detections=preds,
-            scores=scores,
+            affinity=self.affinity,
+            score=lambda pred: pred.class_scores.max(),
+            strict_match=self.strict_match,
+            affinity_threshold=self.affinity_threshold,
         ):
-            gt = gts[gt_idx] if gt_idx is not None else None
+            gt = match.annotation
-            pred = preds[pred_idx] if pred_idx is not None else None
+            pred = match.prediction
-
             true_class = (
                 self.targets.encode_class(gt) if gt is not None else None
             )
@@ -69,11 +70,6 @@ class TopClassDetectionTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
             class_idx = (
                 pred.class_scores.argmax() if pred is not None else None
             )
-
-            score = (
-                float(pred.class_scores[class_idx]) if pred is not None else 0
-            )
-
             pred_class = (
                 self.targets.class_names[class_idx]
                 if class_idx is not None
@@ -90,7 +86,7 @@ class TopClassDetectionTask(BaseTask[ClipEval]):
                     true_class=true_class,
                     is_generic=gt is not None and true_class is None,
                     pred_class=pred_class,
-                    score=score,
+                    score=match.prediction_score,
                 )
             )
 

src/batdetect2/evaluate/types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+from typing import Generic, Iterable, Protocol, Sequence, TypeVar
+
+from matplotlib.figure import Figure
+from soundevent import data
+
+from batdetect2.outputs.types import OutputTransformProtocol
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import (
+    ClipDetections,
+    ClipDetectionsTensor,
+    Detection,
+)
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
+
+__all__ = [
+    "AffinityFunction",
+    "ClipMatches",
+    "EvaluationTaskProtocol",
+    "EvaluatorProtocol",
+    "MatchEvaluation",
+    "MatcherProtocol",
+    "MetricsProtocol",
+    "PlotterProtocol",
+]
+
+
+@dataclass
+class MatchEvaluation:
+    clip: data.Clip
+    sound_event_annotation: data.SoundEventAnnotation | None
+    gt_det: bool
+    gt_class: str | None
+    gt_geometry: data.Geometry | None
+    pred_score: float
+    pred_class_scores: dict[str, float]
+    pred_geometry: data.Geometry | None
+    affinity: float
+
+    @property
+    def top_class(self) -> str | None:
+        if not self.pred_class_scores:
+            return None
+        return max(self.pred_class_scores, key=self.pred_class_scores.get)  # type: ignore
+
+    @property
+    def is_prediction(self) -> bool:
+        return self.pred_geometry is not None
+
+    @property
+    def is_generic(self) -> bool:
+        return self.gt_det and self.gt_class is None
+
+    @property
+    def top_class_score(self) -> float:
+        pred_class = self.top_class
+        if pred_class is None:
+            return 0
+        return self.pred_class_scores[pred_class]
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ClipMatches:
+    clip: data.Clip
+    matches: list[MatchEvaluation]
+
+
+class MatcherProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        ground_truth: Sequence[data.Geometry],
+        predictions: Sequence[data.Geometry],
+        scores: Sequence[float],
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[int | None, int | None, float]]: ...
+
+
+class AffinityFunction(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        detection: Detection,
+        ground_truth: data.SoundEventAnnotation,
+    ) -> float: ...
+
+
+class MetricsProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
+        predictions: Sequence[Sequence[Detection]],
+    ) -> dict[str, float]: ...
+
+
+class PlotterProtocol(Protocol):
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
+        predictions: Sequence[Sequence[Detection]],
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Figure]]: ...
+
+
+EvaluationOutput = TypeVar("EvaluationOutput")
+
+
+class EvaluationTaskProtocol(Protocol, Generic[EvaluationOutput]):
+    targets: TargetProtocol
+
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
+        predictions: Sequence[ClipDetections],
+    ) -> EvaluationOutput: ...
+
+    def compute_metrics(
+        self,
+        eval_outputs: EvaluationOutput,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]: ...
+
+    def generate_plots(
+        self,
+        eval_outputs: EvaluationOutput,
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Figure]]: ...
+
+
+class EvaluatorProtocol(Protocol, Generic[EvaluationOutput]):
+    targets: TargetProtocol
+    transform: OutputTransformProtocol
+
+    def to_clip_detections_batch(
+        self,
+        clip_detections: Sequence[ClipDetectionsTensor],
+        clips: Sequence[data.Clip],
+    ) -> list[ClipDetections]: ...
+
+    def evaluate(
+        self,
+        clip_annotations: Sequence[data.ClipAnnotation],
+        predictions: Sequence[ClipDetections],
+    ) -> EvaluationOutput: ...
+
+    def compute_metrics(
+        self,
+        eval_outputs: EvaluationOutput,
+    ) -> dict[str, float]: ...
+
+    def generate_plots(
+        self,
+        eval_outputs: EvaluationOutput,
+    ) -> Iterable[tuple[str, Figure]]: ...

src/batdetect2/finetune/finetune_model.py

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 import argparse
 import os
 import warnings
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import List
 
 import torch
 import torch.utils.data
@@ -88,7 +88,8 @@ def select_device(warn=True) -> str:
     if warn:
         warnings.warn(
             "No GPU available, using the CPU instead. Please consider using a GPU "
-            "to speed up training."
+            "to speed up training.",
+            stacklevel=2,
         )
 
     return "cpu"
@@ -98,8 +99,8 @@ def load_annotations(
     dataset_name: str,
     ann_path: str,
     audio_path: str,
-    classes_to_ignore: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    classes_to_ignore: List[str] | None = None,
-    events_of_interest: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    events_of_interest: List[str] | None = None,
 ) -> List[types.FileAnnotation]:
     train_sets: List[types.DatasetDict] = []
     train_sets.append(

src/batdetect2/finetune/prep_data_finetune.py

@@ -2,7 +2,6 @@ import argparse
 import json
 import os
 from collections import Counter
-from typing import List, Optional, Tuple
 
 import numpy as np
 from sklearn.model_selection import StratifiedGroupKFold
@@ -12,8 +11,8 @@ from batdetect2 import types
 
 
 def print_dataset_stats(
-    data: List[types.FileAnnotation],
+    data: list[types.FileAnnotation],
-    classes_to_ignore: Optional[List[str]] = None,
+    classes_to_ignore: list[str] | None = None,
 ) -> Counter[str]:
     print("Num files:", len(data))
     counts, _ = tu.get_class_names(data, classes_to_ignore)
@@ -22,7 +21,7 @@ def print_dataset_stats(
     return counts
 
 
-def load_file_names(file_name: str) -> List[str]:
+def load_file_names(file_name: str) -> list[str]:
     if not os.path.isfile(file_name):
         raise FileNotFoundError(f"Input file not found - {file_name}")
 
@@ -100,12 +99,12 @@ def parse_args():
 
 
 def split_data(
-    data: List[types.FileAnnotation],
+    data: list[types.FileAnnotation],
     train_file: str,
     test_file: str,
     n_splits: int = 5,
     random_state: int = 0,
-) -> Tuple[List[types.FileAnnotation], List[types.FileAnnotation]]:
+) -> tuple[list[types.FileAnnotation], list[types.FileAnnotation]]:
     if train_file != "" and test_file != "":
         # user has specifed the train / test split
         mapping = {
@@ -162,7 +161,7 @@ def main():
         # change the names of the classes
         ip_names = args.input_class_names.split(";")
         op_names = args.output_class_names.split(";")
-        name_dict = dict(zip(ip_names, op_names))
+        name_dict = dict(zip(ip_names, op_names, strict=False))
 
     # load annotations
     data_all = tu.load_set_of_anns(

src/batdetect2/inference/batch.py

@@ -1,58 +1,68 @@
-from typing import TYPE_CHECKING, List, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import Sequence
 
 from lightning import Trainer
 from soundevent import data
 
+from batdetect2.audio import AudioConfig
 from batdetect2.audio.loader import build_audio_loader
+from batdetect2.audio.types import AudioLoader
 from batdetect2.inference.clips import get_clips_from_files
+from batdetect2.inference.config import InferenceConfig
 from batdetect2.inference.dataset import build_inference_loader
 from batdetect2.inference.lightning import InferenceModule
 from batdetect2.models import Model
-from batdetect2.preprocess.preprocessor import build_preprocessor
+from batdetect2.outputs import (
-from batdetect2.targets.targets import build_targets
+    OutputsConfig,
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import BatDetect2Prediction
+    OutputTransformProtocol,
-
+    build_output_transform,
-if TYPE_CHECKING:
+)
-    from batdetect2.config import BatDetect2Config
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections
-    from batdetect2.typing import (
+from batdetect2.preprocess.types import PreprocessorProtocol
-        AudioLoader,
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
-        PreprocessorProtocol,
-        TargetProtocol,
-    )
 
 
 def run_batch_inference(
-    model,
+    model: Model,
     clips: Sequence[data.Clip],
-    targets: Optional["TargetProtocol"] = None,
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
-    audio_loader: Optional["AudioLoader"] = None,
+    audio_loader: AudioLoader | None = None,
-    preprocessor: Optional["PreprocessorProtocol"] = None,
+    preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol | None = None,
-    config: Optional["BatDetect2Config"] = None,
+    audio_config: AudioConfig | None = None,
-    num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+    output_transform: OutputTransformProtocol | None = None,
-    batch_size: Optional[int] = None,
+    output_config: OutputsConfig | None = None,
-) -> List[BatDetect2Prediction]:
+    inference_config: InferenceConfig | None = None,
-    from batdetect2.config import BatDetect2Config
+    num_workers: int = 1,
-
+    batch_size: int | None = None,
-    config = config or BatDetect2Config()
+) -> list[ClipDetections]:
-
+    audio_config = audio_config or AudioConfig(
-    audio_loader = audio_loader or build_audio_loader()
+        samplerate=model.preprocessor.input_samplerate,
-
-    preprocessor = preprocessor or build_preprocessor(
-        input_samplerate=audio_loader.samplerate,
     )
+    output_config = output_config or OutputsConfig()
+    inference_config = inference_config or InferenceConfig()
 
-    targets = targets or build_targets()
+    audio_loader = audio_loader or build_audio_loader(config=audio_config)
+
+    preprocessor = preprocessor or model.preprocessor
+    targets = targets or model.targets
+
+    output_transform = output_transform or build_output_transform(
+        config=output_config.transform,
+        targets=targets,
+    )
 
     loader = build_inference_loader(
         clips,
         audio_loader=audio_loader,
         preprocessor=preprocessor,
-        config=config.inference.loader,
+        config=inference_config.loader,
         num_workers=num_workers,
         batch_size=batch_size,
     )
 
-    module = InferenceModule(model)
+    module = InferenceModule(
+        model,
+        output_transform=output_transform,
+    )
     trainer = Trainer(enable_checkpointing=False, logger=False)
     outputs = trainer.predict(module, loader)
     return [
@@ -65,13 +75,18 @@ def run_batch_inference(
 def process_file_list(
     model: Model,
     paths: Sequence[data.PathLike],
-    config: "BatDetect2Config",
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
-    targets: Optional["TargetProtocol"] = None,
+    audio_loader: AudioLoader | None = None,
-    audio_loader: Optional["AudioLoader"] = None,
+    audio_config: AudioConfig | None = None,
-    preprocessor: Optional["PreprocessorProtocol"] = None,
+    preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol | None = None,
-    num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+    inference_config: InferenceConfig | None = None,
-) -> List[BatDetect2Prediction]:
+    output_config: OutputsConfig | None = None,
-    clip_config = config.inference.clipping
+    output_transform: OutputTransformProtocol | None = None,
+    batch_size: int | None = None,
+    num_workers: int = 0,
+) -> list[ClipDetections]:
+    inference_config = inference_config or InferenceConfig()
+    clip_config = inference_config.clipping
     clips = get_clips_from_files(
         paths,
         duration=clip_config.duration,
@@ -85,6 +100,10 @@ def process_file_list(
         targets=targets,
         audio_loader=audio_loader,
         preprocessor=preprocessor,
-        config=config,
+        batch_size=batch_size,
         num_workers=num_workers,
+        output_config=output_config,
+        audio_config=audio_config,
+        output_transform=output_transform,
+        inference_config=inference_config,
     )

src/batdetect2/inference/clips.py

@@ -38,10 +38,10 @@ def get_recording_clips(
     discard_empty: bool = True,
 ) -> Sequence[data.Clip]:
     start_time = 0
-    duration = recording.duration
+    recording_duration = recording.duration
     hop = duration * (1 - overlap)
 
-    num_clips = int(np.ceil(duration / hop))
+    num_clips = int(np.ceil(recording_duration / hop))
 
     if num_clips == 0:
         # This should only happen if the clip's duration is zero,
@@ -53,8 +53,8 @@ def get_recording_clips(
         start = start_time + i * hop
         end = start + duration
 
-        if end > duration:
+        if end > recording_duration:
-            empty_duration = end - duration
+            empty_duration = end - recording_duration
 
             if empty_duration > max_empty and discard_empty:
                 # Discard clips that contain too much empty space

src/batdetect2/inference/dataset.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-from typing import List, NamedTuple, Optional, Sequence
+from typing import NamedTuple, Sequence
 
 import torch
 from loguru import logger
@@ -6,10 +6,11 @@ from soundevent import data
 from torch.utils.data import DataLoader, Dataset
 
 from batdetect2.audio import build_audio_loader
+from batdetect2.audio.types import AudioLoader
 from batdetect2.core import BaseConfig
 from batdetect2.core.arrays import adjust_width
 from batdetect2.preprocess import build_preprocessor
-from batdetect2.typing import AudioLoader, PreprocessorProtocol
+from batdetect2.preprocess.types import PreprocessorProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
     "InferenceDataset",
@@ -29,14 +30,14 @@ class DatasetItem(NamedTuple):
 
 
 class InferenceDataset(Dataset[DatasetItem]):
-    clips: List[data.Clip]
+    clips: list[data.Clip]
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         clips: Sequence[data.Clip],
         audio_loader: AudioLoader,
         preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol,
-        audio_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+        audio_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
     ):
         self.clips = list(clips)
         self.preprocessor = preprocessor
@@ -46,31 +47,30 @@ class InferenceDataset(Dataset[DatasetItem]):
     def __len__(self):
         return len(self.clips)
 
-    def __getitem__(self, idx: int) -> DatasetItem:
+    def __getitem__(self, index: int) -> DatasetItem:
-        clip = self.clips[idx]
+        clip = self.clips[index]
         wav = self.audio_loader.load_clip(clip, audio_dir=self.audio_dir)
         wav_tensor = torch.tensor(wav).unsqueeze(0)
         spectrogram = self.preprocessor(wav_tensor)
         return DatasetItem(
             spec=spectrogram,
-            idx=torch.tensor(idx),
+            idx=torch.tensor(index),
             start_time=torch.tensor(clip.start_time),
             end_time=torch.tensor(clip.end_time),
         )
 
 
 class InferenceLoaderConfig(BaseConfig):
-    num_workers: int = 0
     batch_size: int = 8
 
 
 def build_inference_loader(
     clips: Sequence[data.Clip],
-    audio_loader: Optional[AudioLoader] = None,
+    audio_loader: AudioLoader | None = None,
-    preprocessor: Optional[PreprocessorProtocol] = None,
+    preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol | None = None,
-    config: Optional[InferenceLoaderConfig] = None,
+    config: InferenceLoaderConfig | None = None,
-    num_workers: Optional[int] = None,
+    num_workers: int = 0,
-    batch_size: Optional[int] = None,
+    batch_size: int | None = None,
 ) -> DataLoader[DatasetItem]:
     logger.info("Building inference data loader...")
     config = config or InferenceLoaderConfig()
@@ -83,20 +83,19 @@ def build_inference_loader(
 
     batch_size = batch_size or config.batch_size
 
-    num_workers = num_workers or config.num_workers
     return DataLoader(
         inference_dataset,
         batch_size=batch_size,
         shuffle=False,
-        num_workers=config.num_workers,
+        num_workers=num_workers,
         collate_fn=_collate_fn,
     )
 
 
 def build_inference_dataset(
     clips: Sequence[data.Clip],
-    audio_loader: Optional[AudioLoader] = None,
+    audio_loader: AudioLoader | None = None,
-    preprocessor: Optional[PreprocessorProtocol] = None,
+    preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol | None = None,
 ) -> InferenceDataset:
     if audio_loader is None:
         audio_loader = build_audio_loader()
@@ -111,7 +110,7 @@ def build_inference_dataset(
     )
 
 
-def _collate_fn(batch: List[DatasetItem]) -> DatasetItem:
+def _collate_fn(batch: list[DatasetItem]) -> DatasetItem:
     max_width = max(item.spec.shape[-1] for item in batch)
     return DatasetItem(
         spec=torch.stack(

src/batdetect2/inference/lightning.py

@@ -5,45 +5,44 @@ from torch.utils.data import DataLoader
 
 from batdetect2.inference.dataset import DatasetItem, InferenceDataset
 from batdetect2.models import Model
-from batdetect2.postprocess import to_raw_predictions
+from batdetect2.outputs import OutputTransformProtocol, build_output_transform
-from batdetect2.typing.postprocess import BatDetect2Prediction
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import ClipDetections
 
 
 class InferenceModule(LightningModule):
-    def __init__(self, model: Model):
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        model: Model,
+        output_transform: OutputTransformProtocol | None = None,
+    ):
         super().__init__()
         self.model = model
+        self.output_transform = output_transform or build_output_transform(
+            targets=model.targets
+        )
 
     def predict_step(
         self,
         batch: DatasetItem,
         batch_idx: int,
         dataloader_idx: int = 0,
-    ) -> Sequence[BatDetect2Prediction]:
+    ) -> Sequence[ClipDetections]:
         dataset = self.get_dataset()
 
         clips = [dataset.clips[int(example_idx)] for example_idx in batch.idx]
 
         outputs = self.model.detector(batch.spec)
 
-        clip_detections = self.model.postprocessor(
+        clip_detections = self.model.postprocessor(outputs)
-            outputs,
-            start_times=[clip.start_time for clip in clips],
-        )
 
-        predictions = [
+        return [
-            BatDetect2Prediction(
+            self.output_transform.to_clip_detections(
+                detections=clip_dets,
                 clip=clip,
-                predictions=to_raw_predictions(
-                    clip_dets.numpy(),
-                    targets=self.model.targets,
-                ),
             )
-            for clip, clip_dets in zip(clips, clip_detections)
+            for clip, clip_dets in zip(clips, clip_detections, strict=True)
         ]
 
-        return predictions
-
     def get_dataset(self) -> InferenceDataset:
         dataloaders = self.trainer.predict_dataloaders
         assert isinstance(dataloaders, DataLoader)

src/batdetect2/logging.py

@@ -9,10 +9,8 @@ from typing import (
     Dict,
     Generic,
     Literal,
-    Optional,
     Protocol,
     TypeVar,
-    Union,
 )
 
 import numpy as np
@@ -32,6 +30,21 @@ from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
 
 DEFAULT_LOGS_DIR: Path = Path("outputs") / "logs"
 
+__all__ = [
+    "AppLoggingConfig",
+    "BaseLoggerConfig",
+    "CSVLoggerConfig",
+    "DEFAULT_LOGS_DIR",
+    "DVCLiveConfig",
+    "LoggerConfig",
+    "MLFlowLoggerConfig",
+    "TensorBoardLoggerConfig",
+    "build_logger",
+    "enable_logging",
+    "get_image_logger",
+    "get_table_logger",
+]
+
 
 def enable_logging(level: int):
     logger.remove()
@@ -49,14 +62,14 @@ def enable_logging(level: int):
 
 class BaseLoggerConfig(BaseConfig):
     log_dir: Path = DEFAULT_LOGS_DIR
-    experiment_name: Optional[str] = None
+    experiment_name: str | None = None
-    run_name: Optional[str] = None
+    run_name: str | None = None
 
 
 class DVCLiveConfig(BaseLoggerConfig):
     name: Literal["dvclive"] = "dvclive"
     prefix: str = ""
-    log_model: Union[bool, Literal["all"]] = False
+    log_model: bool | Literal["all"] = False
     monitor_system: bool = False
 
 
@@ -72,22 +85,26 @@ class TensorBoardLoggerConfig(BaseLoggerConfig):
 
 class MLFlowLoggerConfig(BaseLoggerConfig):
     name: Literal["mlflow"] = "mlflow"
-    tracking_uri: Optional[str] = "http://localhost:5000"
+    tracking_uri: str | None = "http://localhost:5000"
-    tags: Optional[dict[str, Any]] = None
+    tags: dict[str, Any] | None = None
     log_model: bool = False
 
 
 LoggerConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    DVCLiveConfig
-        DVCLiveConfig,
+    | CSVLoggerConfig
-        CSVLoggerConfig,
+    | TensorBoardLoggerConfig
-        TensorBoardLoggerConfig,
+    | MLFlowLoggerConfig,
-        MLFlowLoggerConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 
 
+class AppLoggingConfig(BaseConfig):
+    train: LoggerConfig = Field(default_factory=TensorBoardLoggerConfig)
+    evaluation: LoggerConfig = Field(default_factory=CSVLoggerConfig)
+    inference: LoggerConfig = Field(default_factory=CSVLoggerConfig)
+
+
 T = TypeVar("T", bound=LoggerConfig, contravariant=True)
 
 
@@ -95,20 +112,20 @@ class LoggerBuilder(Protocol, Generic[T]):
     def __call__(
         self,
         config: T,
-        log_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+        log_dir: Path | None = None,
-        experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        experiment_name: str | None = None,
-        run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+        run_name: str | None = None,
     ) -> Logger: ...
 
 
 def create_dvclive_logger(
     config: DVCLiveConfig,
-    log_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+    log_dir: Path | None = None,
-    experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    experiment_name: str | None = None,
-    run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    run_name: str | None = None,
 ) -> Logger:
     try:
-        from dvclive.lightning import DVCLiveLogger  # type: ignore
+        from dvclive.lightning import DVCLiveLogger
     except ImportError as error:
         raise ValueError(
             "DVCLive is not installed and cannot be used for logging"
@@ -130,9 +147,9 @@ def create_dvclive_logger(
 
 def create_csv_logger(
     config: CSVLoggerConfig,
-    log_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+    log_dir: Path | None = None,
-    experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    experiment_name: str | None = None,
-    run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    run_name: str | None = None,
 ) -> Logger:
     from lightning.pytorch.loggers import CSVLogger
 
@@ -159,9 +176,9 @@ def create_csv_logger(
 
 def create_tensorboard_logger(
     config: TensorBoardLoggerConfig,
-    log_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+    log_dir: Path | None = None,
-    experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    experiment_name: str | None = None,
-    run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    run_name: str | None = None,
 ) -> Logger:
     from lightning.pytorch.loggers import TensorBoardLogger
 
@@ -191,9 +208,9 @@ def create_tensorboard_logger(
 
 def create_mlflow_logger(
     config: MLFlowLoggerConfig,
-    log_dir: Optional[data.PathLike] = None,
+    log_dir: data.PathLike | None = None,
-    experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    experiment_name: str | None = None,
-    run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    run_name: str | None = None,
 ) -> Logger:
     try:
         from lightning.pytorch.loggers import MLFlowLogger
@@ -232,9 +249,9 @@ LOGGER_FACTORY: Dict[str, LoggerBuilder] = {
 
 def build_logger(
     config: LoggerConfig,
-    log_dir: Optional[Path] = None,
+    log_dir: Path | None = None,
-    experiment_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    experiment_name: str | None = None,
-    run_name: Optional[str] = None,
+    run_name: str | None = None,
 ) -> Logger:
     logger.opt(lazy=True).debug(
         "Building logger with config: \n{}",
@@ -257,7 +274,7 @@ def build_logger(
 PlotLogger = Callable[[str, Figure, int], None]
 
 
-def get_image_logger(logger: Logger) -> Optional[PlotLogger]:
+def get_image_logger(logger: Logger) -> PlotLogger | None:
     if isinstance(logger, TensorBoardLogger):
         return logger.experiment.add_figure
 
@@ -282,7 +299,7 @@ def get_image_logger(logger: Logger) -> Optional[PlotLogger]:
 TableLogger = Callable[[str, pd.DataFrame, int], None]
 
 
-def get_table_logger(logger: Logger) -> Optional[TableLogger]:
+def get_table_logger(logger: Logger) -> TableLogger | None:
     if isinstance(logger, TensorBoardLogger):
         return partial(save_table, dir=Path(logger.log_dir))
 

src/batdetect2/models/__init__.py

@@ -1,36 +1,46 @@
-"""Defines and builds the neural network models used in BatDetect2.
+"""Neural network model definitions and builders for BatDetect2.
 
-This package (`batdetect2.models`) contains the PyTorch implementations of the
+This package contains the PyTorch implementations of the deep neural network
-deep neural network architectures used for detecting and classifying bat calls
+architectures used to detect and classify bat echolocation calls in
-from spectrograms. It provides modular components and configuration-driven
+spectrograms. Components are designed to be combined through configuration
-assembly, allowing for experimentation and use of different architectural
+objects, making it easy to experiment with different architectures.
-variants.
 
-Key Submodules:
+Key submodules
-- `.types`: Defines core data structures (`ModelOutput`) and abstract base
+--------------
-  classes (`BackboneModel`, `DetectionModel`) establishing interfaces.
+- ``blocks``: Reusable convolutional building blocks (downsampling,
-- `.blocks`: Provides reusable neural network building blocks.
+  upsampling, attention, coord-conv variants).
-- `.encoder`: Defines and builds the downsampling path (encoder) of the network.
+- ``encoder``: The downsampling path; reduces spatial resolution whilst
-- `.bottleneck`: Defines and builds the central bottleneck component.
+  extracting increasingly abstract features.
-- `.decoder`: Defines and builds the upsampling path (decoder) of the network.
+- ``bottleneck``: The central component connecting encoder to decoder;
-- `.backbone`: Assembles the encoder, bottleneck, and decoder into a complete
+  optionally applies self-attention along the time axis.
-  feature extraction backbone (e.g., a U-Net like structure).
+- ``decoder``: The upsampling path; reconstructs high-resolution feature
-- `.heads`: Defines simple prediction heads (detection, classification, size)
+  maps using bottleneck output and skip connections from the encoder.
-  that attach to the backbone features.
+- ``backbones``: Assembles encoder, bottleneck, and decoder into a complete
-- `.detectors`: Assembles the backbone and prediction heads into the final,
+  U-Net-style feature extraction backbone.
-  end-to-end `Detector` model.
+- ``heads``: Lightweight 1×1 convolutional heads that produce detection,
+  classification, and bounding-box size predictions from backbone features.
+- ``detectors``: Combines a backbone with prediction heads into the final
+  end-to-end ``Detector`` model.
 
-This module re-exports the most important classes, configurations, and builder
+The primary entry point for building a full, ready-to-use BatDetect2 model
-functions from these submodules for convenient access. The primary entry point
+is the ``build_model`` factory function exported from this module.
-for creating a standard BatDetect2 model instance is the `build_model` function
-provided here.
 """
 
-from typing import List, Optional
+from typing import Literal
 
 import torch
+from pydantic import Field
+from soundevent.data import PathLike
 
-from batdetect2.models.backbones import Backbone, build_backbone
+from batdetect2.audio.loader import TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ
+from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
+from batdetect2.models.backbones import (
+    BackboneConfig,
+    UNetBackbone,
+    UNetBackboneConfig,
+    build_backbone,
+    load_backbone_config,
+)
 from batdetect2.models.blocks import (
     ConvConfig,
     FreqCoordConvDownConfig,
@@ -43,10 +53,6 @@ from batdetect2.models.bottleneck import (
     BottleneckConfig,
     build_bottleneck,
 )
-from batdetect2.models.config import (
-    BackboneConfig,
-    load_backbone_config,
-)
 from batdetect2.models.decoder import (
     DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG,
     DecoderConfig,
@@ -59,17 +65,20 @@ from batdetect2.models.encoder import (
     build_encoder,
 )
 from batdetect2.models.heads import BBoxHead, ClassifierHead, DetectorHead
-from batdetect2.typing import (
+from batdetect2.models.types import DetectionModel
+from batdetect2.postprocess.config import PostprocessConfig
+from batdetect2.postprocess.types import (
     ClipDetectionsTensor,
-    DetectionModel,
     PostprocessorProtocol,
-    PreprocessorProtocol,
-    TargetProtocol,
 )
+from batdetect2.preprocess.config import PreprocessingConfig
+from batdetect2.preprocess.types import PreprocessorProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.config import TargetConfig
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
     "BBoxHead",
-    "Backbone",
+    "UNetBackbone",
     "BackboneConfig",
     "Bottleneck",
     "BottleneckConfig",
@@ -92,11 +101,93 @@ __all__ = [
     "build_detector",
     "load_backbone_config",
     "Model",
+    "ModelConfig",
     "build_model",
+    "build_model_with_new_targets",
 ]
 
 
+class ModelConfig(BaseConfig):
+    """Complete configuration describing a BatDetect2 model.
+
+    Bundles every parameter that defines a model's behaviour: the input
+    sample rate, backbone architecture, preprocessing pipeline,
+    postprocessing pipeline, and detection targets.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    samplerate : int
+        Expected input audio sample rate in Hz.  Audio must be resampled
+        to this rate before being passed to the model.  Defaults to
+        ``TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ`` (256 000 Hz).
+    architecture : BackboneConfig
+        Configuration for the encoder-decoder backbone network.  Defaults
+        to ``UNetBackboneConfig()``.
+    preprocess : PreprocessingConfig
+        Parameters for the audio-to-spectrogram preprocessing pipeline
+        (STFT, frequency crop, transforms, resize).  Defaults to
+        ``PreprocessingConfig()``.
+    postprocess : PostprocessConfig
+        Parameters for converting raw model outputs into detections (NMS
+        kernel, thresholds, top-k limit).  Defaults to
+        ``PostprocessConfig()``.
+    targets : TargetConfig
+        Detection and classification target definitions (class list,
+        detection target, bounding-box mapper).  Defaults to
+        ``TargetConfig()``.
+    """
+
+    samplerate: int = Field(default=TARGET_SAMPLERATE_HZ, gt=0)
+    architecture: BackboneConfig = Field(default_factory=UNetBackboneConfig)
+    preprocess: PreprocessingConfig = Field(
+        default_factory=PreprocessingConfig
+    )
+    postprocess: PostprocessConfig = Field(default_factory=PostprocessConfig)
+    targets: TargetConfig = Field(default_factory=TargetConfig)
+
+    @classmethod
+    def load(
+        cls,
+        path: PathLike,
+        field: str | None = None,
+        extra: Literal["ignore", "allow", "forbid"] | None = None,
+        strict: bool | None = None,
+        targets: TargetConfig | None = None,
+    ) -> "ModelConfig":
+        config = super().load(path, field, extra, strict)
+
+        if targets is None:
+            return config
+
+        return config.model_copy(update={"targets": targets})
+
+
 class Model(torch.nn.Module):
+    """End-to-end BatDetect2 model wrapping preprocessing and postprocessing.
+
+    Combines a preprocessor, a detection model, and a postprocessor into a
+    single PyTorch module. Calling ``forward`` on a raw waveform tensor
+    returns a list of detection tensors ready for downstream use.
+
+    This class is the top-level object produced by ``build_model``. Most
+    users will not need to construct it directly.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    detector : DetectionModel
+        The neural network that processes spectrograms and produces raw
+        detection, classification, and bounding-box outputs.
+    preprocessor : PreprocessorProtocol
+        Converts a raw waveform tensor into a spectrogram tensor accepted by
+        ``detector``.
+    postprocessor : PostprocessorProtocol
+        Converts the raw ``ModelOutput`` from ``detector`` into a list of
+        per-clip detection tensors.
+    targets : TargetProtocol
+        Describes the set of target classes; used when building heads and
+        during training target construction.
+    """
+
     detector: DetectionModel
     preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol
     postprocessor: PostprocessorProtocol
@@ -115,31 +206,87 @@ class Model(torch.nn.Module):
         self.postprocessor = postprocessor
         self.targets = targets
 
-    def forward(self, wav: torch.Tensor) -> List[ClipDetectionsTensor]:
+    def forward(self, wav: torch.Tensor) -> list[ClipDetectionsTensor]:
+        """Run the full detection pipeline on a waveform tensor.
+
+        Converts the waveform to a spectrogram, passes it through the
+        detector, and postprocesses the raw outputs into detection tensors.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        wav : torch.Tensor
+            Raw audio waveform tensor. The exact expected shape depends on
+            the preprocessor, but is typically ``(batch, samples)`` or
+            ``(batch, channels, samples)``.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        list[ClipDetectionsTensor]
+            One detection tensor per clip in the batch. Each tensor encodes
+            the detected events (locations, class scores, sizes) for that
+            clip.
+        """
         spec = self.preprocessor(wav)
         outputs = self.detector(spec)
         return self.postprocessor(outputs)
 
 
 def build_model(
-    config: Optional[BackboneConfig] = None,
+    config: ModelConfig | None = None,
-    targets: Optional[TargetProtocol] = None,
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
-    preprocessor: Optional[PreprocessorProtocol] = None,
+    preprocessor: PreprocessorProtocol | None = None,
-    postprocessor: Optional[PostprocessorProtocol] = None,
+    postprocessor: PostprocessorProtocol | None = None,
-):
+) -> Model:
+    """Build a complete, ready-to-use BatDetect2 model.
+
+    Assembles a ``Model`` instance from a ``ModelConfig`` and optional
+    component overrides.  Any component argument left as ``None`` is built
+    from the configuration.  Passing a pre-built component overrides the
+    corresponding config fields for that component only.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    config : ModelConfig, optional
+        Full model configuration (samplerate, architecture, preprocessing,
+        postprocessing, targets).  Defaults to ``ModelConfig()`` if not
+        provided.
+    targets : TargetProtocol, optional
+        Pre-built targets object.  If given, overrides
+        ``config.targets``.
+    preprocessor : PreprocessorProtocol, optional
+        Pre-built preprocessor.  If given, overrides
+        ``config.preprocess`` and ``config.samplerate`` for the
+        preprocessing step.
+    postprocessor : PostprocessorProtocol, optional
+        Pre-built postprocessor.  If given, overrides
+        ``config.postprocess``.  When omitted and a custom
+        ``preprocessor`` is supplied, the default postprocessor is built
+        using that preprocessor so that frequency and time scaling remain
+        consistent.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    Model
+        A fully assembled ``Model`` instance ready for inference or
+        training.
+    """
     from batdetect2.postprocess import build_postprocessor
     from batdetect2.preprocess import build_preprocessor
     from batdetect2.targets import build_targets
 
-    config = config or BackboneConfig()
+    config = config or ModelConfig()
-    targets = targets or build_targets()
+    targets = targets or build_targets(config=config.targets)
-    preprocessor = preprocessor or build_preprocessor()
+    preprocessor = preprocessor or build_preprocessor(
+        config=config.preprocess,
+        input_samplerate=config.samplerate,
+    )
     postprocessor = postprocessor or build_postprocessor(
         preprocessor=preprocessor,
+        config=config.postprocess,
     )
     detector = build_detector(
         num_classes=len(targets.class_names),
-        config=config,
+        config=config.architecture,
     )
     return Model(
         detector=detector,
@@ -147,3 +294,21 @@ def build_model(
         preprocessor=preprocessor,
         targets=targets,
     )
+
+
+def build_model_with_new_targets(
+    model: Model,
+    targets: TargetProtocol,
+) -> Model:
+    """Build a new model with a different target set."""
+    detector = build_detector(
+        num_classes=len(targets.class_names),
+        backbone=model.detector.backbone,
+    )
+
+    return Model(
+        detector=detector,
+        postprocessor=model.postprocessor,
+        preprocessor=model.preprocessor,
+        targets=targets,
+    )

src/batdetect2/models/backbones.py

@@ -1,99 +1,176 @@
-"""Assembles a complete Encoder-Decoder Backbone network.
+"""Assembles a complete encoder-decoder backbone network.
 
-This module defines the configuration (`BackboneConfig`) and implementation
+This module defines ``UNetBackboneConfig`` and the ``UNetBackbone``
-(`Backbone`) for a standard encoder-decoder style neural network backbone.
+``nn.Module``, together with the ``build_backbone`` and
+``load_backbone_config`` helpers.
 
-It orchestrates the connection between three main components, built using their
+A backbone combines three components built from the sibling modules:
-respective configurations and factory functions from sibling modules:
-1.  Encoder (`batdetect2.models.encoder`): Downsampling path, extracts features
-    at multiple resolutions and provides skip connections.
-2.  Bottleneck (`batdetect2.models.bottleneck`): Processes features at the
-    lowest resolution, optionally applying self-attention.
-3.  Decoder (`batdetect2.models.decoder`): Upsampling path, reconstructs high-
-    resolution features using bottleneck features and skip connections.
 
-The resulting `Backbone` module takes a spectrogram as input and outputs a
+1. **Encoder** (``batdetect2.models.encoder``) – reduces spatial resolution
-final feature map, typically used by subsequent prediction heads. It includes
+   while extracting hierarchical features and storing skip-connection tensors.
-automatic padding to handle input sizes not perfectly divisible by the
+2. **Bottleneck** (``batdetect2.models.bottleneck``) – processes the
-network's total downsampling factor.
+   lowest-resolution features, optionally applying self-attention.
+3. **Decoder** (``batdetect2.models.decoder``) – restores spatial resolution
+   using bottleneck features and skip connections from the encoder.
+
+The resulting ``UNetBackbone`` takes a spectrogram tensor as input and returns
+a high-resolution feature map consumed by the prediction heads in
+``batdetect2.models.detectors``.
+
+Input padding is handled automatically: the backbone pads the input to be
+divisible by the total downsampling factor and strips the padding from the
+output so that the output spatial dimensions always match the input spatial
+dimensions.
 """
 
-from typing import Tuple
+from typing import Annotated, Literal
 
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F
-from torch import nn
+from pydantic import Field, TypeAdapter
+from soundevent import data
 
-from batdetect2.models.bottleneck import build_bottleneck
+from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig, load_config
-from batdetect2.models.config import BackboneConfig
+from batdetect2.core.registries import (
-from batdetect2.models.decoder import Decoder, build_decoder
+    ImportConfig,
-from batdetect2.models.encoder import Encoder, build_encoder
+    Registry,
-from batdetect2.typing.models import BackboneModel
+    add_import_config,
+)
+from batdetect2.models.bottleneck import (
+    DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG,
+    BottleneckConfig,
+    build_bottleneck,
+)
+from batdetect2.models.decoder import (
+    DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG,
+    DecoderConfig,
+    build_decoder,
+)
+from batdetect2.models.encoder import (
+    DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG,
+    EncoderConfig,
+    build_encoder,
+)
+from batdetect2.models.types import (
+    BackboneModel,
+    BottleneckProtocol,
+    DecoderProtocol,
+    EncoderProtocol,
+)
 
 __all__ = [
-    "Backbone",
+    "BackboneImportConfig",
+    "UNetBackbone",
+    "BackboneConfig",
+    "load_backbone_config",
     "build_backbone",
 ]
 
 
-class Backbone(BackboneModel):
+class UNetBackboneConfig(BaseConfig):
-    """Encoder-Decoder Backbone Network Implementation.
+    """Configuration for a U-Net-style encoder-decoder backbone.
 
-    Combines an Encoder, Bottleneck, and Decoder module sequentially, using
+    All fields have sensible defaults that reproduce the standard BatDetect2
-    skip connections between the Encoder and Decoder. Implements the standard
+    architecture, so you can start with ``UNetBackboneConfig()`` and override
-    U-Net style forward pass. Includes automatic input padding to handle
+    only the fields you want to change.
-    various input sizes and a final convolutional block to adjust the output
-    channels.
 
-    This class inherits from `BackboneModel` and implements its `forward`
+    Attributes
-    method. Instances are typically created using the `build_backbone` factory
+    ----------
-    function.
+    name : str
+        Discriminator field used by the backbone registry; always
+        ``"UNetBackbone"``.
+    input_height : int
+        Number of frequency bins in the input spectrogram. Defaults to
+        ``128``.
+    in_channels : int
+        Number of channels in the input spectrogram (e.g. ``1`` for a
+        standard mel-spectrogram). Defaults to ``1``.
+    encoder : EncoderConfig
+        Configuration for the downsampling path. Defaults to
+        ``DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG``.
+    bottleneck : BottleneckConfig
+        Configuration for the bottleneck. Defaults to
+        ``DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG``.
+    decoder : DecoderConfig
+        Configuration for the upsampling path. Defaults to
+        ``DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG``.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["UNetBackbone"] = "UNetBackbone"
+    input_height: int = 128
+    in_channels: int = 1
+    encoder: EncoderConfig = DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG
+    bottleneck: BottleneckConfig = DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG
+    decoder: DecoderConfig = DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG
+
+
+backbone_registry: Registry[BackboneModel, []] = Registry("backbone")
+
+
+@add_import_config(backbone_registry)
+class BackboneImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a backbone model.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
+class UNetBackbone(BackboneModel):
+    """U-Net-style encoder-decoder backbone network.
+
+    Combines an encoder, a bottleneck, and a decoder into a single module
+    that produces a high-resolution feature map from an input spectrogram.
+    Skip connections from each encoder stage are added element-wise to the
+    corresponding decoder stage input.
+
+    Input spectrograms of arbitrary width are handled automatically: the
+    backbone pads the input so that its dimensions are divisible by
+    ``divide_factor`` and removes the padding from the output.
+
+    Instances are typically created via ``build_backbone``.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     input_height : int
-        Expected height of the input spectrogram.
+        Expected height (frequency bins) of the input spectrogram.
     out_channels : int
-        Number of channels in the final output feature map.
+        Number of channels in the output feature map (taken from the
-    encoder : Encoder
+        decoder's output channel count).
+    encoder : EncoderProtocol
         The instantiated encoder module.
-    decoder : Decoder
+    decoder : DecoderProtocol
         The instantiated decoder module.
-    bottleneck : nn.Module
+    bottleneck : BottleneckProtocol
         The instantiated bottleneck module.
-    final_conv : ConvBlock
-        Final convolutional block applied after the decoder.
     divide_factor : int
-        The total downsampling factor (2^depth) applied by the encoder,
+        The total spatial downsampling factor applied by the encoder
-        used for automatic input padding.
+        (``input_height // encoder.output_height``). The input width is
+        padded to be a multiple of this value before processing.
     """
 
     def __init__(
         self,
         input_height: int,
-        encoder: Encoder,
+        encoder: EncoderProtocol,
-        decoder: Decoder,
+        decoder: DecoderProtocol,
-        bottleneck: nn.Module,
+        bottleneck: BottleneckProtocol,
     ):
-        """Initialize the Backbone network.
+        """Initialise the backbone network.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         input_height : int
-            Expected height of the input spectrogram.
+            Expected height (frequency bins) of the input spectrogram.
-        out_channels : int
+        encoder : EncoderProtocol
-            Desired number of output channels for the backbone's feature map.
+            An initialised encoder module.
-        encoder : Encoder
+        decoder : DecoderProtocol
-            An initialized Encoder module.
+            An initialised decoder module. Its ``output_height`` must equal
-        decoder : Decoder
+            ``input_height``; a ``ValueError`` is raised otherwise.
-            An initialized Decoder module.
+        bottleneck : BottleneckProtocol
-        bottleneck : nn.Module
+            An initialised bottleneck module.
-            An initialized Bottleneck module.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        ValueError
-            If component output/input channels or heights are incompatible.
         """
         super().__init__()
         self.input_height = input_height
@@ -110,22 +187,25 @@ class Backbone(BackboneModel):
         self.divide_factor = input_height // self.encoder.output_height
 
     def forward(self, spec: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """Perform the forward pass through the encoder-decoder backbone.
+        """Produce a feature map from an input spectrogram.
 
-        Applies padding, runs encoder, bottleneck, decoder (with skip
+        Pads the input if necessary, runs it through the encoder, then
-        connections), removes padding, and applies a final convolution.
+        the bottleneck, then the decoder (incorporating encoder skip
+        connections), and finally removes any padding added earlier.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         spec : torch.Tensor
-            Input spectrogram tensor, shape `(B, C_in, H_in, W_in)`. Must match
+            Input spectrogram tensor, shape
-            `self.encoder.input_channels` and `self.input_height`.
+            ``(B, C_in, H_in, W_in)``. ``H_in`` must equal
+            ``self.input_height``; ``W_in`` can be any positive integer.
 
         Returns
         -------
         torch.Tensor
-            Output feature map tensor, shape `(B, C_out, H_in, W_in)`, where
+            Feature map tensor, shape ``(B, C_out, H_in, W_in)``, where
-            `C_out` is `self.out_channels`.
+            ``C_out`` is ``self.out_channels``. The spatial dimensions
+            always match those of the input.
         """
         spec, h_pad, w_pad = _pad_adjust(spec, factor=self.divide_factor)
 
@@ -143,95 +223,97 @@ class Backbone(BackboneModel):
 
         return x
 
+    @backbone_registry.register(UNetBackboneConfig)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(config: UNetBackboneConfig) -> BackboneModel:
+        encoder = build_encoder(
+            in_channels=config.in_channels,
+            input_height=config.input_height,
+            config=config.encoder,
+        )
 
-def build_backbone(config: BackboneConfig) -> BackboneModel:
+        bottleneck = build_bottleneck(
-    """Factory function to build a Backbone from configuration.
+            input_height=encoder.output_height,
+            in_channels=encoder.out_channels,
+            config=config.bottleneck,
+        )
 
-    Constructs the `Encoder`, `Bottleneck`, and `Decoder` components based on
+        decoder = build_decoder(
-    the provided `BackboneConfig`, validates their compatibility, and assembles
+            in_channels=bottleneck.out_channels,
-    them into a `Backbone` instance.
+            input_height=encoder.output_height,
+            config=config.decoder,
+        )
+
+        if decoder.output_height != config.input_height:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Invalid configuration: Decoder output height "
+                f"({decoder.output_height}) must match the Backbone input height "
+                f"({config.input_height}). Check encoder/decoder layer "
+                "configurations and input/bottleneck heights."
+            )
+
+        return UNetBackbone(
+            input_height=config.input_height,
+            encoder=encoder,
+            decoder=decoder,
+            bottleneck=bottleneck,
+        )
+
+
+BackboneConfig = Annotated[
+    UNetBackboneConfig | BackboneImportConfig,
+    Field(discriminator="name"),
+]
+
+
+def build_backbone(config: BackboneConfig | None = None) -> BackboneModel:
+    """Build a backbone network from configuration.
+
+    Looks up the backbone class corresponding to ``config.name`` in the
+    backbone registry and calls its ``from_config`` method. If no
+    configuration is provided, a default ``UNetBackbone`` is returned.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    config : BackboneConfig
+    config : BackboneConfig, optional
-        The configuration object detailing the backbone architecture, including
+        A configuration object describing the desired backbone. Currently
-        input dimensions and configurations for encoder, bottleneck, and
+        ``UNetBackboneConfig`` is the only supported type. Defaults to
-        decoder.
+        ``UNetBackboneConfig()`` if not provided.
 
     Returns
     -------
     BackboneModel
-        An initialized `Backbone` module ready for use.
+        An initialised backbone module.
-
-    Raises
-    ------
-    ValueError
-        If sub-component configurations are incompatible
-        (e.g., channel mismatches, decoder output height doesn't match backbone
-        input height).
-    NotImplementedError
-        If an unknown block type is specified in sub-configs.
     """
-    encoder = build_encoder(
+    config = config or UNetBackboneConfig()
-        in_channels=config.in_channels,
+    return backbone_registry.build(config)
-        input_height=config.input_height,
-        config=config.encoder,
-    )
-
-    bottleneck = build_bottleneck(
-        input_height=encoder.output_height,
-        in_channels=encoder.out_channels,
-        config=config.bottleneck,
-    )
-
-    decoder = build_decoder(
-        in_channels=bottleneck.out_channels,
-        input_height=encoder.output_height,
-        config=config.decoder,
-    )
-
-    if decoder.output_height != config.input_height:
-        raise ValueError(
-            "Invalid configuration: Decoder output height "
-            f"({decoder.output_height}) must match the Backbone input height "
-            f"({config.input_height}). Check encoder/decoder layer "
-            "configurations and input/bottleneck heights."
-        )
-
-    return Backbone(
-        input_height=config.input_height,
-        encoder=encoder,
-        decoder=decoder,
-        bottleneck=bottleneck,
-    )
 
 
 def _pad_adjust(
     spec: torch.Tensor,
     factor: int = 32,
-) -> Tuple[torch.Tensor, int, int]:
+) -> tuple[torch.Tensor, int, int]:
-    """Pad tensor height and width to be divisible by a factor.
+    """Pad a tensor's height and width to be divisible by ``factor``.
 
-    Calculates the required padding for the last two dimensions (H, W) to make
+    Adds zero-padding to the bottom and right edges of the tensor so that
-    them divisible by `factor` and applies right/bottom padding using
+    both dimensions are exact multiples of ``factor``. If both dimensions
-    `torch.nn.functional.pad`.
+    are already divisible, the tensor is returned unchanged.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     spec : torch.Tensor
-        Input tensor, typically shape `(B, C, H, W)`.
+        Input tensor, typically shape ``(B, C, H, W)``.
     factor : int, default=32
-        The factor to make height and width divisible by.
+        The factor that both H and W should be divisible by after padding.
 
     Returns
     -------
-    Tuple[torch.Tensor, int, int]
+    tuple[torch.Tensor, int, int]
-        A tuple containing:
+        - Padded tensor.
-        - The padded tensor.
+        - Number of rows added to the height (``h_pad``).
-        - The amount of padding added to height (`h_pad`).
+        - Number of columns added to the width (``w_pad``).
-        - The amount of padding added to width (`w_pad`).
     """
-    h, w = spec.shape[2:]
+    h, w = spec.shape[-2:]
     h_pad = -h % factor
     w_pad = -w % factor
 
@@ -244,28 +326,71 @@ def _pad_adjust(
 def _restore_pad(
     x: torch.Tensor, h_pad: int = 0, w_pad: int = 0
 ) -> torch.Tensor:
-    """Remove padding added by _pad_adjust.
+    """Remove padding previously added by ``_pad_adjust``.
 
-    Removes padding from the bottom and right edges of the tensor.
+    Trims ``h_pad`` rows from the bottom and ``w_pad`` columns from the
+    right of the tensor, restoring its original spatial dimensions.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     x : torch.Tensor
-        Padded tensor, typically shape `(B, C, H_padded, W_padded)`.
+        Padded tensor, typically shape ``(B, C, H_padded, W_padded)``.
     h_pad : int, default=0
-        Amount of padding previously added to the height (bottom).
+        Number of rows to remove from the bottom.
     w_pad : int, default=0
-        Amount of padding previously added to the width (right).
+        Number of columns to remove from the right.
 
     Returns
     -------
     torch.Tensor
-        Tensor with padding removed, shape `(B, C, H_original, W_original)`.
+        Tensor with padding removed, shape
+        ``(B, C, H_padded - h_pad, W_padded - w_pad)``.
     """
     if h_pad > 0:
-        x = x[:, :, :-h_pad, :]
+        x = x[..., :-h_pad, :]
 
     if w_pad > 0:
-        x = x[:, :, :, :-w_pad]
+        x = x[..., :-w_pad]
 
     return x
+
+
+def load_backbone_config(
+    path: data.PathLike,
+    field: str | None = None,
+) -> BackboneConfig:
+    """Load a backbone configuration from a YAML or JSON file.
+
+    Reads the file at ``path``, optionally descends into a named sub-field,
+    and validates the result against the ``BackboneConfig`` discriminated
+    union.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    path : PathLike
+        Path to the configuration file. Both YAML and JSON formats are
+        supported.
+    field : str, optional
+        Dot-separated key path to the sub-field that contains the backbone
+        configuration (e.g. ``"model"``). If ``None``, the root of the
+        file is used.
+
+    Returns
+    -------
+    BackboneConfig
+        A validated backbone configuration object (currently always a
+        ``UNetBackboneConfig`` instance).
+
+    Raises
+    ------
+    FileNotFoundError
+        If ``path`` does not exist.
+    ValidationError
+        If the loaded data does not conform to a known ``BackboneConfig``
+        schema.
+    """
+    return load_config(
+        path,
+        schema=TypeAdapter(BackboneConfig),
+        field=field,
+    )

src/batdetect2/models/blocks.py

@@ -1,42 +1,63 @@
-"""Commonly used neural network building blocks for BatDetect2 models.
+"""Reusable convolutional building blocks for BatDetect2 models.
 
-This module provides various reusable `torch.nn.Module` subclasses that form
+This module provides a collection of ``torch.nn.Module`` subclasses that form
-the fundamental building blocks for constructing convolutional neural network
+the fundamental building blocks for the encoder-decoder backbone used in
-architectures, particularly encoder-decoder backbones used in BatDetect2.
+BatDetect2. All blocks follow a consistent interface: they store
+``in_channels`` and ``out_channels`` as attributes and implement a
+``get_output_height`` method that reports how a given input height maps to an
+output height (e.g., halved by downsampling blocks, doubled by upsampling
+blocks).
 
-It includes standard components like basic convolutional blocks (`ConvBlock`),
+Available block families
-blocks incorporating downsampling (`StandardConvDownBlock`), and blocks with
+------------------------
-upsampling (`StandardConvUpBlock`).
+Standard blocks
+    ``ConvBlock`` – convolution + batch normalisation + ReLU, no change in
+    spatial resolution.
 
-Additionally, it features specialized layers investigated in BatDetect2
+Downsampling blocks
-research:
+    ``StandardConvDownBlock`` – convolution then 2×2 max-pooling, halves H
+    and W.
+    ``FreqCoordConvDownBlock`` – like ``StandardConvDownBlock`` but prepends
+    a normalised frequency-coordinate channel before the convolution
+    (CoordConv concept), helping filters learn frequency-position-dependent
+    patterns.
 
-- `SelfAttention`: Applies self-attention along the time dimension, enabling
+Upsampling blocks
-  the model to weigh information across the entire temporal context, often
+    ``StandardConvUpBlock`` – bilinear interpolation then convolution,
-  used in the bottleneck of an encoder-decoder.
+    doubles H and W.
-- `FreqCoordConvDownBlock` / `FreqCoordConvUpBlock`: Implement the "CoordConv"
+    ``FreqCoordConvUpBlock`` – like ``StandardConvUpBlock`` but prepends a
-   concept by concatenating normalized frequency coordinate information as an
+    frequency-coordinate channel after upsampling.
-   extra channel to the input of convolutional layers. This explicitly provides
-   spatial frequency information to filters, potentially enabling them to learn
-   frequency-dependent patterns more effectively.
 
-These blocks can be utilized directly in custom PyTorch model definitions or
+Bottleneck blocks
-assembled into larger architectures.
+    ``VerticalConv`` – 1-D convolution whose kernel spans the entire
+    frequency axis, collapsing H to 1 whilst preserving W.
+    ``SelfAttention`` – scaled dot-product self-attention along the time
+    axis; typically follows a ``VerticalConv``.
 
-A unified factory function `build_layer_from_config` allows creating instances
+Group block
-of these blocks based on configuration objects.
+    ``LayerGroup`` – chains several blocks sequentially into one unit,
+    useful when a single encoder or decoder "stage" requires more than one
+    operation.
+
+Factory function
+----------------
+``build_layer`` creates any of the above blocks from the matching
+configuration object (one of the ``*Config`` classes exported here), using
+a discriminated-union ``name`` field to dispatch to the correct class.
 """
 
-from typing import Annotated, List, Literal, Tuple, Union
+from typing import Annotated, Literal
 
 import torch
 import torch.nn.functional as F
 from pydantic import Field
 from torch import nn
 
+from batdetect2.core import ImportConfig, Registry, add_import_config
 from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
 
 __all__ = [
+    "BlockImportConfig",
     "ConvBlock",
     "LayerGroupConfig",
     "VerticalConv",
@@ -51,63 +72,125 @@ __all__ = [
     "FreqCoordConvUpConfig",
     "StandardConvUpConfig",
     "LayerConfig",
-    "build_layer_from_config",
+    "build_layer",
 ]
 
 
+class Block(nn.Module):
+    """Abstract base class for all BatDetect2 building blocks.
+
+    Subclasses must set ``in_channels`` and ``out_channels`` as integer
+    attributes so that factory functions can wire blocks together without
+    inspecting configuration objects at runtime. They may also override
+    ``get_output_height`` when the block changes the height dimension (e.g.
+    downsampling or upsampling blocks).
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    in_channels : int
+        Number of channels expected in the input tensor.
+    out_channels : int
+        Number of channels produced in the output tensor.
+    """
+
+    in_channels: int
+    out_channels: int
+
+    def get_output_height(self, input_height: int) -> int:
+        """Return the output height for a given input height.
+
+        The default implementation returns ``input_height`` unchanged,
+        which is correct for blocks that do not alter spatial resolution.
+        Override this in downsampling (returns ``input_height // 2``) or
+        upsampling (returns ``input_height * 2``) subclasses.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        input_height : int
+            Height (number of frequency bins) of the input feature map.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        int
+            Height of the output feature map.
+        """
+        return input_height
+
+
+block_registry: Registry[Block, [int, int]] = Registry("block")
+
+
+@add_import_config(block_registry)
+class BlockImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a model block.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"
+
+
 class SelfAttentionConfig(BaseConfig):
+    """Configuration for a ``SelfAttention`` block.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    name : str
+        Discriminator field; always ``"SelfAttention"``.
+    attention_channels : int
+        Dimensionality of the query, key, and value projections.
+    temperature : float
+        Scaling factor applied to the weighted values before the final
+        linear projection. Defaults to ``1``.
+    """
+
     name: Literal["SelfAttention"] = "SelfAttention"
     attention_channels: int
     temperature: float = 1
 
 
-class SelfAttention(nn.Module):
+class SelfAttention(Block):
-    """Self-Attention mechanism operating along the time dimension.
+    """Self-attention block operating along the time axis.
 
-    This module implements a scaled dot-product self-attention mechanism,
+    Applies a scaled dot-product self-attention mechanism across the time
-    specifically designed here to operate across the time steps of an input
+    steps of an input feature map. Before attention is computed the height
-    feature map, typically after spatial dimensions (like frequency) have been
+    dimension (frequency axis) is expected to have been reduced to 1, e.g.
-    condensed or squeezed.
+    by a preceding ``VerticalConv`` layer.
 
-    By calculating attention weights between all pairs of time steps, it allows
+    For each time step the block computes query, key, and value projections
-    the model to capture long-range temporal dependencies and focus on relevant
+    with learned linear weights, then calculates attention weights from the
-    parts of the sequence. It's often employed in the bottleneck or
+    query–key dot products divided by ``temperature × attention_channels``.
-    intermediate layers of an encoder-decoder architecture to integrate global
+    The weighted sum of values is projected back to ``in_channels`` via a
-    temporal context.
+    final linear layer, and the height dimension is restored so that the
-
+    output shape matches the input shape.
-    The implementation uses linear projections to create query, key, and value
-    representations, computes scaled dot-product attention scores, applies
-    softmax, and produces an output by weighting the values according to the
-    attention scores, followed by a final linear projection. Positional encoding
-    is not explicitly included in this block.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     in_channels : int
-        Number of input channels (features per time step after spatial squeeze).
+        Number of input channels (features per time step). The output will
+        also have ``in_channels`` channels.
     attention_channels : int
-        Number of channels for the query, key, and value projections. Also the
+        Dimensionality of the query, key, and value projections.
-        dimension of the output projection's input.
     temperature : float, default=1.0
-        Scaling factor applied *before* the final projection layer. Can be used
+        Divisor applied together with ``attention_channels`` when scaling
-        to adjust the sharpness or focus of the attention mechanism, although
+        the dot-product scores before softmax. Larger values produce softer
-        scaling within the softmax (dividing by sqrt(dim)) is more common for
+        (more uniform) attention distributions.
-        standard transformers. Here it scales the weighted values.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     key_fun : nn.Linear
-        Linear layer for key projection.
+        Linear projection for keys.
     value_fun : nn.Linear
-        Linear layer for value projection.
+        Linear projection for values.
     query_fun : nn.Linear
-        Linear layer for query projection.
+        Linear projection for queries.
     pro_fun : nn.Linear
-        Final linear projection layer applied after attention weighting.
+        Final linear projection applied to the attended values.
     temperature : float
-        Scaling factor applied before final projection.
+        Scaling divisor used when computing attention scores.
     att_dim : int
-        Dimensionality of the attention space (`attention_channels`).
+        Dimensionality of the attention space (``attention_channels``).
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -117,10 +200,13 @@ class SelfAttention(nn.Module):
         temperature: float = 1.0,
     ):
         super().__init__()
+        self.in_channels = in_channels
+        self.out_channels = in_channels
 
         # Note, does not encode position information (absolute or relative)
         self.temperature = temperature
         self.att_dim = attention_channels
+        self.output_channels = in_channels
 
         self.key_fun = nn.Linear(in_channels, attention_channels)
         self.value_fun = nn.Linear(in_channels, attention_channels)
@@ -133,20 +219,16 @@ class SelfAttention(nn.Module):
         Parameters
         ----------
         x : torch.Tensor
-            Input tensor, expected shape `(B, C, H, W)`, where H is typically
+            Input tensor with shape ``(B, C, 1, W)``. The height dimension
-            squeezed (e.g., H=1 after a `VerticalConv` or pooling) before
+            must be 1 (i.e. the frequency axis should already have been
-            applying attention along the W (time) dimension.
+            collapsed by a preceding ``VerticalConv`` layer).
 
         Returns
         -------
         torch.Tensor
-            Output tensor of the same shape as the input `(B, C, H, W)`, where
+            Output tensor with the same shape ``(B, C, 1, W)`` as the
-            attention has been applied across the W dimension.
+            input, with each time step updated by attended context from all
-
+            other time steps.
-        Raises
-        ------
-        RuntimeError
-            If input tensor dimensions are incompatible with operations.
         """
 
         x = x.squeeze(2).permute(0, 2, 1)
@@ -175,6 +257,22 @@ class SelfAttention(nn.Module):
         return op
 
     def compute_attention_weights(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Return the softmax attention weight matrix.
+
+        Useful for visualising which time steps attend to which others.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : torch.Tensor
+            Input tensor with shape ``(B, C, 1, W)``.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        torch.Tensor
+            Attention weight matrix with shape ``(B, W, W)``. Entry
+            ``[b, i, j]`` is the attention weight that time step ``i``
+            assigns to time step ``j`` in batch item ``b``.
+        """
         x = x.squeeze(2).permute(0, 2, 1)
 
         key = torch.matmul(
@@ -190,6 +288,19 @@ class SelfAttention(nn.Module):
         att_weights = F.softmax(kk_qq, 1)
         return att_weights
 
+    @block_registry.register(SelfAttentionConfig)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(
+        config: SelfAttentionConfig,
+        input_channels: int,
+        input_height: int,
+    ) -> "SelfAttention":
+        return SelfAttention(
+            in_channels=input_channels,
+            attention_channels=config.attention_channels,
+            temperature=config.temperature,
+        )
+
 
 class ConvConfig(BaseConfig):
     """Configuration for a basic ConvBlock."""
@@ -207,7 +318,7 @@ class ConvConfig(BaseConfig):
     """Padding size."""
 
 
-class ConvBlock(nn.Module):
+class ConvBlock(Block):
     """Basic Convolutional Block.
 
     A standard building block consisting of a 2D convolution, followed by
@@ -235,6 +346,8 @@ class ConvBlock(nn.Module):
         pad_size: int = 1,
     ):
         super().__init__()
+        self.in_channels = in_channels
+        self.out_channels = out_channels
         self.conv = nn.Conv2d(
             in_channels,
             out_channels,
@@ -258,8 +371,37 @@ class ConvBlock(nn.Module):
         """
         return F.relu_(self.batch_norm(self.conv(x)))
 
+    @block_registry.register(ConvConfig)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(
+        config: ConvConfig,
+        input_channels: int,
+        input_height: int,
+    ):
+        return ConvBlock(
+            in_channels=input_channels,
+            out_channels=config.out_channels,
+            kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
+            pad_size=config.pad_size,
+        )
 
-class VerticalConv(nn.Module):
+
+class VerticalConvConfig(BaseConfig):
+    """Configuration for a ``VerticalConv`` block.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    name : str
+        Discriminator field; always ``"VerticalConv"``.
+    channels : int
+        Number of output channels produced by the vertical convolution.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["VerticalConv"] = "VerticalConv"
+    channels: int
+
+
+class VerticalConv(Block):
     """Convolutional layer that aggregates features across the entire height.
 
     Applies a 2D convolution using a kernel with shape `(input_height, 1)`.
@@ -288,6 +430,8 @@ class VerticalConv(nn.Module):
         input_height: int,
     ):
         super().__init__()
+        self.in_channels = in_channels
+        self.out_channels = out_channels
         self.conv = nn.Conv2d(
             in_channels=in_channels,
             out_channels=out_channels,
@@ -312,6 +456,19 @@ class VerticalConv(nn.Module):
         """
         return F.relu_(self.bn(self.conv(x)))
 
+    @block_registry.register(VerticalConvConfig)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(
+        config: VerticalConvConfig,
+        input_channels: int,
+        input_height: int,
+    ):
+        return VerticalConv(
+            in_channels=input_channels,
+            out_channels=config.channels,
+            input_height=input_height,
+        )
+
 
 class FreqCoordConvDownConfig(BaseConfig):
     """Configuration for a FreqCoordConvDownBlock."""
@@ -329,7 +486,7 @@ class FreqCoordConvDownConfig(BaseConfig):
     """Padding size."""
 
 
-class FreqCoordConvDownBlock(nn.Module):
+class FreqCoordConvDownBlock(Block):
     """Downsampling Conv Block incorporating Frequency Coordinate features.
 
     This block implements a downsampling step (Conv2d + MaxPool2d) commonly
@@ -368,6 +525,8 @@ class FreqCoordConvDownBlock(nn.Module):
         pad_size: int = 1,
     ):
         super().__init__()
+        self.in_channels = in_channels
+        self.out_channels = out_channels
 
         self.coords = nn.Parameter(
             torch.linspace(-1, 1, input_height)[None, None, ..., None],
@@ -402,6 +561,24 @@ class FreqCoordConvDownBlock(nn.Module):
         x = F.relu(self.batch_norm(x), inplace=True)
         return x
 
+    def get_output_height(self, input_height: int) -> int:
+        return input_height // 2
+
+    @block_registry.register(FreqCoordConvDownConfig)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(
+        config: FreqCoordConvDownConfig,
+        input_channels: int,
+        input_height: int,
+    ):
+        return FreqCoordConvDownBlock(
+            in_channels=input_channels,
+            out_channels=config.out_channels,
+            input_height=input_height,
+            kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
+            pad_size=config.pad_size,
+        )
+
 
 class StandardConvDownConfig(BaseConfig):
     """Configuration for a StandardConvDownBlock."""
@@ -419,7 +596,7 @@ class StandardConvDownConfig(BaseConfig):
     """Padding size."""
 
 
-class StandardConvDownBlock(nn.Module):
+class StandardConvDownBlock(Block):
     """Standard Downsampling Convolutional Block.
 
     A basic downsampling block consisting of a 2D convolution, followed by
@@ -447,6 +624,8 @@ class StandardConvDownBlock(nn.Module):
         pad_size: int = 1,
     ):
         super(StandardConvDownBlock, self).__init__()
+        self.in_channels = in_channels
+        self.out_channels = out_channels
         self.conv = nn.Conv2d(
             in_channels,
             out_channels,
@@ -472,6 +651,23 @@ class StandardConvDownBlock(nn.Module):
         x = F.max_pool2d(self.conv(x), 2, 2)
         return F.relu(self.batch_norm(x), inplace=True)
 
+    def get_output_height(self, input_height: int) -> int:
+        return input_height // 2
+
+    @block_registry.register(StandardConvDownConfig)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(
+        config: StandardConvDownConfig,
+        input_channels: int,
+        input_height: int,
+    ):
+        return StandardConvDownBlock(
+            in_channels=input_channels,
+            out_channels=config.out_channels,
+            kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
+            pad_size=config.pad_size,
+        )
+
 
 class FreqCoordConvUpConfig(BaseConfig):
     """Configuration for a FreqCoordConvUpBlock."""
@@ -488,8 +684,14 @@ class FreqCoordConvUpConfig(BaseConfig):
     pad_size: int = 1
     """Padding size."""
 
+    up_mode: str = "bilinear"
+    """Interpolation mode for upsampling (e.g., "nearest", "bilinear")."""
 
-class FreqCoordConvUpBlock(nn.Module):
+    up_scale: tuple[int, int] = (2, 2)
+    """Scaling factor for height and width during upsampling."""
+
+
+class FreqCoordConvUpBlock(Block):
     """Upsampling Conv Block incorporating Frequency Coordinate features.
 
     This block implements an upsampling step  followed by a convolution,
@@ -504,22 +706,22 @@ class FreqCoordConvUpBlock(nn.Module):
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    in_channels : int
+    in_channels
         Number of channels in the input tensor (before upsampling).
-    out_channels : int
+    out_channels
         Number of output channels after the convolution.
-    input_height : int
+    input_height
         Height (H dimension, frequency bins) of the tensor *before* upsampling.
         Used to calculate the height for coordinate feature generation after
         upsampling.
-    kernel_size : int, default=3
+    kernel_size
         Size of the square convolutional kernel.
-    pad_size : int, default=1
+    pad_size
         Padding added before convolution.
-    up_mode : str, default="bilinear"
+    up_mode
         Interpolation mode for upsampling (e.g., "nearest", "bilinear",
         "bicubic").
-    up_scale : Tuple[int, int], default=(2, 2)
+    up_scale
         Scaling factor for height and width during upsampling
         (typically (2, 2)).
     """
@@ -532,9 +734,11 @@ class FreqCoordConvUpBlock(nn.Module):
         kernel_size: int = 3,
         pad_size: int = 1,
         up_mode: str = "bilinear",
-        up_scale: Tuple[int, int] = (2, 2),
+        up_scale: tuple[int, int] = (2, 2),
     ):
         super().__init__()
+        self.in_channels = in_channels
+        self.out_channels = out_channels
 
         self.up_scale = up_scale
         self.up_mode = up_mode
@@ -581,6 +785,26 @@ class FreqCoordConvUpBlock(nn.Module):
         op = F.relu(self.batch_norm(op), inplace=True)
         return op
 
+    def get_output_height(self, input_height: int) -> int:
+        return input_height * 2
+
+    @block_registry.register(FreqCoordConvUpConfig)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(
+        config: FreqCoordConvUpConfig,
+        input_channels: int,
+        input_height: int,
+    ):
+        return FreqCoordConvUpBlock(
+            in_channels=input_channels,
+            out_channels=config.out_channels,
+            input_height=input_height,
+            kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
+            pad_size=config.pad_size,
+            up_mode=config.up_mode,
+            up_scale=config.up_scale,
+        )
+
 
 class StandardConvUpConfig(BaseConfig):
     """Configuration for a StandardConvUpBlock."""
@@ -597,8 +821,14 @@ class StandardConvUpConfig(BaseConfig):
     pad_size: int = 1
     """Padding size."""
 
+    up_mode: str = "bilinear"
+    """Interpolation mode for upsampling (e.g., "nearest", "bilinear")."""
 
-class StandardConvUpBlock(nn.Module):
+    up_scale: tuple[int, int] = (2, 2)
+    """Scaling factor for height and width during upsampling."""
+
+
+class StandardConvUpBlock(Block):
     """Standard Upsampling Convolutional Block.
 
     A basic upsampling block used in CNN decoders. It first upsamples the input
@@ -609,17 +839,17 @@ class StandardConvUpBlock(nn.Module):
 
     Parameters
     ----------
-    in_channels : int
+    in_channels
         Number of channels in the input tensor (before upsampling).
-    out_channels : int
+    out_channels
         Number of output channels after the convolution.
-    kernel_size : int, default=3
+    kernel_size
         Size of the square convolutional kernel.
-    pad_size : int, default=1
+    pad_size
         Padding added before convolution.
-    up_mode : str, default="bilinear"
+    up_mode
         Interpolation mode for upsampling (e.g., "nearest", "bilinear").
-    up_scale : Tuple[int, int], default=(2, 2)
+    up_scale
         Scaling factor for height and width during upsampling.
     """
 
@@ -630,9 +860,11 @@ class StandardConvUpBlock(nn.Module):
         kernel_size: int = 3,
         pad_size: int = 1,
         up_mode: str = "bilinear",
-        up_scale: Tuple[int, int] = (2, 2),
+        up_scale: tuple[int, int] = (2, 2),
     ):
         super(StandardConvUpBlock, self).__init__()
+        self.in_channels = in_channels
+        self.out_channels = out_channels
         self.up_scale = up_scale
         self.up_mode = up_mode
         self.conv = nn.Conv2d(
@@ -669,155 +901,195 @@ class StandardConvUpBlock(nn.Module):
         op = F.relu(self.batch_norm(op), inplace=True)
         return op
 
+    def get_output_height(self, input_height: int) -> int:
+        return input_height * 2
+
+    @block_registry.register(StandardConvUpConfig)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(
+        config: StandardConvUpConfig,
+        input_channels: int,
+        input_height: int,
+    ):
+        return StandardConvUpBlock(
+            in_channels=input_channels,
+            out_channels=config.out_channels,
+            kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
+            pad_size=config.pad_size,
+            up_mode=config.up_mode,
+            up_scale=config.up_scale,
+        )
+
+
+class LayerGroupConfig(BaseConfig):
+    """Configuration for a ``LayerGroup`` — a sequential chain of blocks.
+
+    Use this when a single encoder or decoder stage needs more than one
+    block. The blocks are executed in the order they appear in ``layers``,
+    with channel counts and heights propagated automatically.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    name : str
+        Discriminator field; always ``"LayerGroup"``.
+    layers : List[LayerConfig]
+        Ordered list of block configurations to chain together.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["LayerGroup"] = "LayerGroup"
+    layers: list["LayerConfig"]
+
 
 LayerConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    ConvConfig
-        ConvConfig,
+    | FreqCoordConvDownConfig
-        FreqCoordConvDownConfig,
+    | StandardConvDownConfig
-        StandardConvDownConfig,
+    | FreqCoordConvUpConfig
-        FreqCoordConvUpConfig,
+    | StandardConvUpConfig
-        StandardConvUpConfig,
+    | SelfAttentionConfig
-        SelfAttentionConfig,
+    | LayerGroupConfig,
-        "LayerGroupConfig",
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 """Type alias for the discriminated union of block configuration models."""
 
 
-class LayerGroupConfig(BaseConfig):
+class LayerGroup(nn.Module):
-    name: Literal["LayerGroup"] = "LayerGroup"
+    """Sequential chain of blocks that acts as a single composite block.
-    layers: List[LayerConfig]
+
+    Wraps multiple ``Block`` instances in an ``nn.Sequential`` container,
+    exposing the same ``in_channels``, ``out_channels``, and
+    ``get_output_height`` interface as a regular ``Block`` so it can be
+    used transparently wherever a single block is expected.
+
+    Instances are typically constructed by ``build_layer`` when given a
+    ``LayerGroupConfig``; you rarely need to create them directly.
+
+    Parameters
+    ----------
+    layers : list[Block]
+        Pre-built block instances to chain, in execution order.
+    input_height : int
+        Height of the tensor entering the first block.
+    input_channels : int
+        Number of channels in the tensor entering the first block.
+
+    Attributes
+    ----------
+    in_channels : int
+        Number of input channels (taken from the first block).
+    out_channels : int
+        Number of output channels (taken from the last block).
+    layers : nn.Sequential
+        The wrapped sequence of block modules.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        layers: list[Block],
+        input_height: int,
+        input_channels: int,
+    ):
+        super().__init__()
+        self.in_channels = input_channels
+        self.out_channels = (
+            layers[-1].out_channels if layers else input_channels
+        )
+        self.layers = nn.Sequential(*layers)
+
+    def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        """Pass input through all blocks in sequence.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        x : torch.Tensor
+            Input feature map, shape ``(B, C_in, H, W)``.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        torch.Tensor
+            Output feature map after all blocks have been applied.
+        """
+        return self.layers(x)
+
+    def get_output_height(self, input_height: int) -> int:
+        """Compute the output height by propagating through all blocks.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        input_height : int
+            Height of the input feature map.
+
+        Returns
+        -------
+        int
+            Height after all blocks in the group have been applied.
+        """
+        for block in self.layers:
+            input_height = block.get_output_height(input_height)  # type: ignore
+        return input_height
+
+    @block_registry.register(LayerGroupConfig)
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_config(
+        config: LayerGroupConfig,
+        input_channels: int,
+        input_height: int,
+    ):
+        layers = []
+
+        for layer_config in config.layers:
+            layer = build_layer(
+                input_height=input_height,
+                in_channels=input_channels,
+                config=layer_config,
+            )
+            layers.append(layer)
+            input_height = layer.get_output_height(input_height)
+            input_channels = layer.out_channels
+
+        return LayerGroup(
+            layers=layers,
+            input_height=input_height,
+            input_channels=input_channels,
+        )
 
 
-def build_layer_from_config(
+def build_layer(
     input_height: int,
     in_channels: int,
     config: LayerConfig,
-) -> Tuple[nn.Module, int, int]:
+) -> Block:
-    """Factory function to build a specific nn.Module block from its config.
+    """Build a block from its configuration object.
 
-    Takes configuration object (one of the types included in the `LayerConfig`
+    Looks up the block class corresponding to ``config.name`` in the
-    union) and instantiates the corresponding nn.Module block with the correct
+    internal block registry and instantiates it with the given input
-    parameters derived from the config and the current pipeline state
+    dimensions. This is the standard way to construct blocks when
-    (`input_height`, `in_channels`).
+    assembling an encoder or decoder from a configuration file.
-
-    It uses the `name` field within the `config` object to determine
-    which block class to instantiate.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     input_height : int
-        Height (frequency bins) of the input tensor *to this layer*.
+        Height (number of frequency bins) of the input tensor to this
+        block. Required for blocks whose kernel size depends on the input
+        height (e.g. ``VerticalConv``) and for coordinate-aware blocks.
     in_channels : int
-        Number of channels in the input tensor *to this layer*.
+        Number of channels in the input tensor to this block.
     config : LayerConfig
-        A Pydantic configuration object for the desired block (e.g., an
+        A configuration object for the desired block type. The ``name``
-        instance of `ConvConfig`, `FreqCoordConvDownConfig`, etc.), identified
+        field selects the block class; remaining fields supply its
-        by its `name` field.
+        parameters.
 
     Returns
     -------
-    Tuple[nn.Module, int, int]
+    Block
-        A tuple containing:
+        An initialised block module ready to be added to an
-        - The instantiated `nn.Module` block.
+        ``nn.Sequential`` or ``nn.ModuleList``.
-        - The number of output channels produced by the block.
-        - The calculated height of the output produced by the block.
 
     Raises
     ------
-    NotImplementedError
+    KeyError
-        If the `config.name` does not correspond to a known block type.
+        If ``config.name`` does not correspond to a registered block type.
     ValueError
-        If parameters derived from the config are invalid for the block.
+        If the configuration parameters are invalid for the chosen block.
     """
-    if config.name == "ConvBlock":
+    return block_registry.build(config, in_channels, input_height)
-        return (
-            ConvBlock(
-                in_channels=in_channels,
-                out_channels=config.out_channels,
-                kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
-                pad_size=config.pad_size,
-            ),
-            config.out_channels,
-            input_height,
-        )
-
-    if config.name == "FreqCoordConvDown":
-        return (
-            FreqCoordConvDownBlock(
-                in_channels=in_channels,
-                out_channels=config.out_channels,
-                input_height=input_height,
-                kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
-                pad_size=config.pad_size,
-            ),
-            config.out_channels,
-            input_height // 2,
-        )
-
-    if config.name == "StandardConvDown":
-        return (
-            StandardConvDownBlock(
-                in_channels=in_channels,
-                out_channels=config.out_channels,
-                kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
-                pad_size=config.pad_size,
-            ),
-            config.out_channels,
-            input_height // 2,
-        )
-
-    if config.name == "FreqCoordConvUp":
-        return (
-            FreqCoordConvUpBlock(
-                in_channels=in_channels,
-                out_channels=config.out_channels,
-                input_height=input_height,
-                kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
-                pad_size=config.pad_size,
-            ),
-            config.out_channels,
-            input_height * 2,
-        )
-
-    if config.name == "StandardConvUp":
-        return (
-            StandardConvUpBlock(
-                in_channels=in_channels,
-                out_channels=config.out_channels,
-                kernel_size=config.kernel_size,
-                pad_size=config.pad_size,
-            ),
-            config.out_channels,
-            input_height * 2,
-        )
-
-    if config.name == "SelfAttention":
-        return (
-            SelfAttention(
-                in_channels=in_channels,
-                attention_channels=config.attention_channels,
-                temperature=config.temperature,
-            ),
-            config.attention_channels,
-            input_height,
-        )
-
-    if config.name == "LayerGroup":
-        current_channels = in_channels
-        current_height = input_height
-
-        blocks = []
-
-        for block_config in config.layers:
-            block, current_channels, current_height = build_layer_from_config(
-                input_height=current_height,
-                in_channels=current_channels,
-                config=block_config,
-            )
-            blocks.append(block)
-
-        return nn.Sequential(*blocks), current_channels, current_height
-
-    raise NotImplementedError(f"Unknown block type {config.name}")

src/batdetect2/models/bottleneck.py

@@ -1,20 +1,24 @@
-"""Defines the Bottleneck component of an Encoder-Decoder architecture.
+"""Bottleneck component for encoder-decoder network architectures.
 
-This module provides the configuration (`BottleneckConfig`) and
+The bottleneck sits between the encoder (downsampling path) and the decoder
-`torch.nn.Module` implementations (`Bottleneck`, `BottleneckAttn`) for the
+(upsampling path) and processes the lowest-resolution, highest-channel feature
-bottleneck layer(s) that typically connect the Encoder (downsampling path) and
+map produced by the encoder.
-Decoder (upsampling path) in networks like U-Nets.
 
-The bottleneck processes the lowest-resolution, highest-dimensionality feature
+This module provides:
-map produced by the Encoder. This module offers a configurable option to include
-a `SelfAttention` layer within the bottleneck, allowing the model to capture
-global temporal context before features are passed to the Decoder.
 
-A factory function `build_bottleneck` constructs the appropriate bottleneck
+- ``BottleneckConfig`` – configuration dataclass describing the number of
-module based on the provided configuration.
+  internal channels and an optional sequence of additional layers (currently
+  only ``SelfAttention`` is supported).
+- ``Bottleneck`` – the ``torch.nn.Module`` implementation. It first applies a
+  ``VerticalConv`` to collapse the frequency axis to a single bin, optionally
+  runs one or more additional layers (e.g. self-attention along the time axis),
+  then repeats the output along the height dimension to restore the original
+  frequency resolution before passing features to the decoder.
+- ``build_bottleneck`` – factory function that constructs a ``Bottleneck``
+  instance from a ``BottleneckConfig`` and the encoder's output dimensions.
 """
 
-from typing import Annotated, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Annotated, List
 
 import torch
 from pydantic import Field
@@ -22,10 +26,12 @@ from torch import nn
 
 from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
 from batdetect2.models.blocks import (
+    Block,
     SelfAttentionConfig,
     VerticalConv,
-    build_layer_from_config,
+    build_layer,
 )
+from batdetect2.models.types import BottleneckProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
     "BottleneckConfig",
@@ -34,43 +40,52 @@ __all__ = [
 ]
 
 
-class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
+class Bottleneck(Block):
-    """Base Bottleneck module for Encoder-Decoder architectures.
+    """Bottleneck module for encoder-decoder architectures.
 
-    This implementation represents the simplest bottleneck structure
+    Processes the lowest-resolution feature map that links the encoder and
-    considered, primarily consisting of a `VerticalConv` layer. This layer
+    decoder. The sequence of operations is:
-    collapses the frequency dimension (height) to 1, summarizing information
-    across frequencies at each time step. The output is then repeated along the
-    height dimension to match the original bottleneck input height before being
-    passed to the decoder.
 
-    This base version does *not* include self-attention.
+    1. ``VerticalConv`` – collapses the frequency axis (height) to a single
+       bin by applying a convolution whose kernel spans the full height.
+    2. Optional additional layers (e.g. ``SelfAttention``) – applied while
+       the feature map has height 1, so they operate purely along the time
+       axis.
+    3. Height restoration – the single-bin output is repeated along the
+       height axis to restore the original frequency resolution, producing
+       a tensor that the decoder can accept.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     input_height : int
-        Height (frequency bins) of the input tensor. Must be positive.
+        Height (number of frequency bins) of the input tensor. Must be
+        positive.
     in_channels : int
         Number of channels in the input tensor from the encoder. Must be
         positive.
     out_channels : int
-        Number of output channels. Must be positive.
+        Number of output channels after the bottleneck. Must be positive.
+    bottleneck_channels : int, optional
+        Number of internal channels used by the ``VerticalConv`` layer.
+        Defaults to ``out_channels`` if not provided.
+    layers : List[torch.nn.Module], optional
+        Additional modules (e.g. ``SelfAttention``) to apply after the
+        ``VerticalConv`` and before height restoration.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     in_channels : int
         Number of input channels accepted by the bottleneck.
+    out_channels : int
+        Number of output channels produced by the bottleneck.
     input_height : int
         Expected height of the input tensor.
-    channels : int
+    bottleneck_channels : int
-        Number of output channels.
+        Number of channels used internally by the vertical convolution.
     conv_vert : VerticalConv
         The vertical convolution layer.
-
+    layers : nn.ModuleList
-    Raises
+        Additional layers applied after the vertical convolution.
-    ------
-    ValueError
-        If `input_height`, `in_channels`, or `out_channels` are not positive.
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -78,14 +93,31 @@ class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
         input_height: int,
         in_channels: int,
         out_channels: int,
-        bottleneck_channels: Optional[int] = None,
+        bottleneck_channels: int | None = None,
-        layers: Optional[List[torch.nn.Module]] = None,
+        layers: List[torch.nn.Module] | None = None,
     ) -> None:
-        """Initialize the base Bottleneck layer."""
+        """Initialise the Bottleneck layer.
+
+        Parameters
+        ----------
+        input_height : int
+            Height (number of frequency bins) of the input tensor.
+        in_channels : int
+            Number of channels in the input tensor.
+        out_channels : int
+            Number of channels in the output tensor.
+        bottleneck_channels : int, optional
+            Number of internal channels for the ``VerticalConv``. Defaults
+            to ``out_channels``.
+        layers : List[torch.nn.Module], optional
+            Additional modules applied after the ``VerticalConv``, such as
+            a ``SelfAttention`` block.
+        """
         super().__init__()
         self.in_channels = in_channels
         self.input_height = input_height
         self.out_channels = out_channels
+
         self.bottleneck_channels = (
             bottleneck_channels
             if bottleneck_channels is not None
@@ -100,23 +132,24 @@ class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
         )
 
     def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """Process input features through the bottleneck.
+        """Process the encoder's bottleneck features.
 
-        Applies vertical convolution and repeats the output height.
+        Applies vertical convolution, optional additional layers, then
+        restores the height dimension by repetition.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         x : torch.Tensor
-            Input tensor from the encoder bottleneck, shape
+            Input tensor from the encoder, shape
-            `(B, C_in, H_in, W)`. `C_in` must match `self.in_channels`,
+            ``(B, C_in, H_in, W)``. ``C_in`` must match
-            `H_in` must match `self.input_height`.
+            ``self.in_channels`` and ``H_in`` must match
+            ``self.input_height``.
 
         Returns
         -------
         torch.Tensor
-            Output tensor, shape `(B, C_out, H_in, W)`. Note that the height
+            Output tensor with shape ``(B, C_out, H_in, W)``. The height
-            dimension `H_in` is restored via repetition after the vertical
+            ``H_in`` is restored by repeating the single-bin result.
-            convolution.
         """
         x = self.conv_vert(x)
 
@@ -127,37 +160,29 @@ class Bottleneck(nn.Module):
 
 
 BottleneckLayerConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[SelfAttentionConfig,],
+    SelfAttentionConfig,
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
-"""Type alias for the discriminated union of block configs usable in Decoder."""
+"""Type alias for the discriminated union of block configs usable in the Bottleneck."""
 
 
 class BottleneckConfig(BaseConfig):
-    """Configuration for the bottleneck layer(s).
+    """Configuration for the bottleneck component.
-
-    Defines the number of channels within the bottleneck and whether to include
-    a self-attention mechanism.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     channels : int
-        The number of output channels produced by the main convolutional layer
+        Number of output channels produced by the bottleneck. This value
-        within the bottleneck. This often matches the number of channels coming
+        is also used as the dimensionality of any optional layers (e.g.
-        from the last encoder stage, but can be different. Must be positive.
+        self-attention). Must be positive.
-        This also defines the channel dimensions used within the optional
+    layers : List[BottleneckLayerConfig]
-        `SelfAttention` layer.
+        Ordered list of additional block configurations to apply after the
-    self_attention : bool
+        initial ``VerticalConv``. Currently only ``SelfAttentionConfig`` is
-        If True, includes a `SelfAttention` layer operating on the time
+        supported. Defaults to an empty list (no extra layers).
-        dimension after an initial `VerticalConv` layer within the bottleneck.
-        If False, only the initial `VerticalConv` (and height repetition) is
-        performed.
     """
 
     channels: int
-    layers: List[BottleneckLayerConfig] = Field(
+    layers: List[BottleneckLayerConfig] = Field(default_factory=list)
-        default_factory=list,
-    )
 
 
 DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG: BottleneckConfig = BottleneckConfig(
@@ -171,32 +196,39 @@ DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG: BottleneckConfig = BottleneckConfig(
 def build_bottleneck(
     input_height: int,
     in_channels: int,
-    config: Optional[BottleneckConfig] = None,
+    config: BottleneckConfig | None = None,
-) -> nn.Module:
+) -> BottleneckProtocol:
-    """Factory function to build the Bottleneck module from configuration.
+    """Build a ``Bottleneck`` module from configuration.
 
-    Constructs either a base `Bottleneck` or a `BottleneckAttn` instance based
+    Constructs a ``Bottleneck`` instance whose internal channel count and
-    on the `config.self_attention` flag.
+    optional extra layers (e.g. self-attention) are controlled by
+    ``config``. If no configuration is provided, the default
+    ``DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG`` is used, which includes a
+    ``SelfAttention`` layer.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     input_height : int
-        Height (frequency bins) of the input tensor. Must be positive.
+        Height (number of frequency bins) of the input tensor from the
+        encoder. Must be positive.
     in_channels : int
-        Number of channels in the input tensor. Must be positive.
+        Number of channels in the input tensor from the encoder. Must be
+        positive.
     config : BottleneckConfig, optional
-        Configuration object specifying the bottleneck channels and whether
+        Configuration specifying the output channel count and any
-        to use self-attention. Uses `DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG` if None.
+        additional layers. Uses ``DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG`` if ``None``.
 
     Returns
     -------
-    nn.Module
+    BottleneckProtocol
-        An initialized bottleneck module (`Bottleneck` or `BottleneckAttn`).
+        An initialised ``Bottleneck`` module.
 
     Raises
     ------
-    ValueError
+    AssertionError
-        If `input_height` or `in_channels` are not positive.
+        If any configured layer changes the height of the feature map
+        (bottleneck layers must preserve height so that it can be restored
+        by repetition).
     """
     config = config or DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG
 
@@ -206,11 +238,13 @@ def build_bottleneck(
     layers = []
 
     for layer_config in config.layers:
-        layer, current_channels, current_height = build_layer_from_config(
+        layer = build_layer(
             input_height=current_height,
             in_channels=current_channels,
             config=layer_config,
         )
+        current_height = layer.get_output_height(current_height)
+        current_channels = layer.out_channels
         assert current_height == input_height, (
             "Bottleneck layers should not change the spectrogram height"
         )

src/batdetect2/models/config.py

@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-from typing import Optional
-
-from soundevent import data
-
-from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig, load_config
-from batdetect2.models.bottleneck import (
-    DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG,
-    BottleneckConfig,
-)
-from batdetect2.models.decoder import (
-    DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG,
-    DecoderConfig,
-)
-from batdetect2.models.encoder import (
-    DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG,
-    EncoderConfig,
-)
-
-__all__ = [
-    "BackboneConfig",
-    "load_backbone_config",
-]
-
-
-class BackboneConfig(BaseConfig):
-    """Configuration for the Encoder-Decoder Backbone network.
-
-    Aggregates configurations for the encoder, bottleneck, and decoder
-    components, along with defining the input and final output dimensions
-    for the complete backbone.
-
-    Attributes
-    ----------
-    input_height : int, default=128
-        Expected height (frequency bins) of the input spectrograms to the
-        backbone. Must be positive.
-    in_channels : int, default=1
-        Expected number of channels in the input spectrograms (e.g., 1 for
-        mono). Must be positive.
-    encoder : EncoderConfig, optional
-        Configuration for the encoder. If None or omitted,
-        the default encoder configuration (`DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG` from the
-        encoder module) will be used.
-    bottleneck : BottleneckConfig, optional
-        Configuration for the bottleneck layer connecting encoder and decoder.
-        If None or omitted, the default bottleneck configuration will be used.
-    decoder : DecoderConfig, optional
-        Configuration for the decoder. If None or omitted,
-        the default decoder configuration (`DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG` from the
-        decoder module) will be used.
-    out_channels : int, default=32
-        Desired number of channels in the final feature map output by the
-        backbone. Must be positive.
-    """
-
-    input_height: int = 128
-    in_channels: int = 1
-    encoder: EncoderConfig = DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG
-    bottleneck: BottleneckConfig = DEFAULT_BOTTLENECK_CONFIG
-    decoder: DecoderConfig = DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG
-    out_channels: int = 32
-
-
-def load_backbone_config(
-    path: data.PathLike,
-    field: Optional[str] = None,
-) -> BackboneConfig:
-    """Load the backbone configuration from a file.
-
-    Reads a configuration file (YAML) and validates it against the
-    `BackboneConfig` schema, potentially extracting data from a nested field.
-
-    Parameters
-    ----------
-    path : PathLike
-        Path to the configuration file.
-    field : str, optional
-        Dot-separated path to a nested section within the file containing the
-        backbone configuration (e.g., "model.backbone"). If None, the entire
-        file content is used.
-
-    Returns
-    -------
-    BackboneConfig
-        The loaded and validated backbone configuration object.
-
-    Raises
-    ------
-    FileNotFoundError
-        If the config file path does not exist.
-    yaml.YAMLError
-        If the file content is not valid YAML.
-    pydantic.ValidationError
-        If the loaded config data does not conform to `BackboneConfig`.
-    KeyError, TypeError
-        If `field` specifies an invalid path.
-    """
-    return load_config(path, schema=BackboneConfig, field=field)

src/batdetect2/models/decoder.py

@@ -1,24 +1,24 @@
-"""Constructs the Decoder part of an Encoder-Decoder neural network.
+"""Decoder (upsampling path) for the BatDetect2 backbone.
 
-This module defines the configuration structure (`DecoderConfig`) for the layer
+This module defines ``DecoderConfig`` and the ``Decoder`` ``nn.Module``,
-sequence and provides the `Decoder` class (an `nn.Module`) along with a factory
+together with the ``build_decoder`` factory function.
-function (`build_decoder`). Decoders typically form the upsampling path in
-architectures like U-Nets, taking bottleneck features
-(usually from an `Encoder`) and skip connections to reconstruct
-higher-resolution feature maps.
 
-The decoder is built dynamically by stacking neural network blocks based on a
+In a U-Net-style network the decoder progressively restores the spatial
-list of configuration objects provided in `DecoderConfig.layers`. Each config
+resolution of the feature map back towards the input resolution. At each
-object specifies the type of block (e.g., standard convolution,
+stage it combines the upsampled features with the corresponding skip-connection
-coordinate-feature convolution with upsampling) and its parameters. This allows
+tensor from the encoder (the residual) by element-wise addition before passing
-flexible definition of decoder architectures via configuration files.
+the result to the upsampling block.
 
-The `Decoder`'s `forward` method is designed to accept skip connection tensors
+The decoder is fully configurable: the type, number, and parameters of the
-(`residuals`) from the encoder, merging them with the upsampled feature maps
+upsampling blocks are described by a ``DecoderConfig`` object containing an
-at each stage.
+ordered list of block configuration objects (see ``batdetect2.models.blocks``
+for available block types).
+
+A default configuration ``DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG`` is provided and used by
+``build_decoder`` when no explicit configuration is supplied.
 """
 
-from typing import Annotated, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Annotated, List
 
 import torch
 from pydantic import Field
@@ -30,7 +30,7 @@ from batdetect2.models.blocks import (
     FreqCoordConvUpConfig,
     LayerGroupConfig,
     StandardConvUpConfig,
-    build_layer_from_config,
+    build_layer,
 )
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -41,63 +41,57 @@ __all__ = [
 ]
 
 DecoderLayerConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    ConvConfig
-        ConvConfig,
+    | FreqCoordConvUpConfig
-        FreqCoordConvUpConfig,
+    | StandardConvUpConfig
-        StandardConvUpConfig,
+    | LayerGroupConfig,
-        LayerGroupConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 """Type alias for the discriminated union of block configs usable in Decoder."""
 
 
 class DecoderConfig(BaseConfig):
-    """Configuration for the sequence of layers in the Decoder module.
+    """Configuration for the sequential ``Decoder`` module.
-
-    Defines the types and parameters of the neural network blocks that
-    constitute the decoder's upsampling path.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     layers : List[DecoderLayerConfig]
-        An ordered list of configuration objects, each defining one layer or
+        Ordered list of block configuration objects defining the decoder's
-        block in the decoder sequence. Each item must be a valid block
+        upsampling stages (from deepest to shallowest). Each entry
-        config including a `name` field and necessary parameters like
+        specifies the block type (via its ``name`` field) and any
-        `out_channels`. Input channels for each layer are inferred sequentially.
+        block-specific parameters such as ``out_channels``. Input channels
-        The list must contain at least one layer.
+        for each block are inferred automatically from the output of the
+        previous block. Must contain at least one entry.
     """
 
     layers: List[DecoderLayerConfig] = Field(min_length=1)
 
 
 class Decoder(nn.Module):
-    """Sequential Decoder module composed of configurable upsampling layers.
+    """Sequential decoder module composed of configurable upsampling layers.
 
-    Constructs the upsampling path of an encoder-decoder network by stacking
+    Executes a series of upsampling blocks in order, adding the
-    multiple blocks (e.g., `StandardConvUpBlock`, `FreqCoordConvUpBlock`)
+    corresponding encoder skip-connection tensor (residual) to the feature
-    based on a list of layer modules provided during initialization (typically
+    map before each block. The residuals are consumed in reverse order (from
-    created by the `build_decoder` factory function).
+    deepest encoder layer to shallowest) to match the spatial resolutions at
+    each decoder stage.
 
-    The `forward` method is designed to integrate skip connection tensors
+    Instances are typically created by ``build_decoder``.
-    (`residuals`) from the corresponding encoder stages, by adding them
-    element-wise to the input of each decoder layer before processing.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     in_channels : int
-        Number of channels expected in the input tensor.
+        Number of channels expected in the input tensor (bottleneck output).
     out_channels : int
-        Number of channels in the final output tensor produced by the last
+        Number of channels in the final output feature map.
-        layer.
     input_height : int
-        Height (frequency bins) expected in the input tensor.
+        Height (frequency bins) of the input tensor.
     output_height : int
-        Height (frequency bins) expected in the output tensor.
+        Height (frequency bins) of the output tensor.
     layers : nn.ModuleList
-        The sequence of instantiated upscaling layer modules.
+        Sequence of instantiated upsampling block modules.
     depth : int
-        The number of upscaling layers (depth) in the decoder.
+        Number of upsampling layers.
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -108,23 +102,24 @@ class Decoder(nn.Module):
         output_height: int,
         layers: List[nn.Module],
     ):
-        """Initialize the Decoder module.
+        """Initialise the Decoder module.
 
-        Note: This constructor is typically called internally by the
+        This constructor is typically called by the ``build_decoder``
-        `build_decoder` factory function.
+        factory function.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
+        in_channels : int
+            Number of channels in the input tensor (bottleneck output).
         out_channels : int
             Number of channels produced by the final layer.
         input_height : int
-            Expected height of the input tensor (bottleneck).
+            Height of the input tensor (bottleneck output height).
-        in_channels : int
+        output_height : int
-            Expected number of channels in the input tensor (bottleneck).
+            Height of the output tensor after all layers have been applied.
         layers : List[nn.Module]
-            A list of pre-instantiated upscaling layer modules (e.g.,
+            Pre-built upsampling block modules in execution order (deepest
-            `StandardConvUpBlock` or `FreqCoordConvUpBlock`) in the desired
+            stage first).
-            sequence (from bottleneck towards output resolution).
         """
         super().__init__()
 
@@ -142,43 +137,35 @@ class Decoder(nn.Module):
         x: torch.Tensor,
         residuals: List[torch.Tensor],
     ) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """Pass input through decoder layers, incorporating skip connections.
+        """Pass input through all decoder layers, incorporating skip connections.
 
-        Processes the input tensor `x` sequentially through the upscaling
+        At each stage the corresponding residual tensor is added
-        layers. At each stage, the corresponding skip connection tensor from
+        element-wise to ``x`` before it is passed to the upsampling block.
-        the `residuals` list is added element-wise to the input before passing
+        Residuals are consumed in reverse order — the last element of
-        it to the upscaling block.
+        ``residuals`` (the output of the shallowest encoder layer) is added
+        at the first decoder stage, and the first element (output of the
+        deepest encoder layer) is added at the last decoder stage.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         x : torch.Tensor
-            Input tensor from the previous stage (e.g., encoder bottleneck).
+            Bottleneck feature map, shape ``(B, C_in, H_in, W)``.
-            Shape `(B, C_in, H_in, W_in)`, where `C_in` matches
-            `self.in_channels`.
         residuals : List[torch.Tensor]
-            List containing the skip connection tensors from the corresponding
+            Skip-connection tensors from the encoder, ordered from shallowest
-            encoder stages. Should be ordered from the deepest encoder layer
+            (index 0) to deepest (index -1). Must contain exactly
-            output (lowest resolution) to the shallowest (highest resolution
+            ``self.depth`` tensors. Each tensor must have the same spatial
-            near input). The number of tensors in this list must match the
+            dimensions and channel count as ``x`` at the corresponding
-            number of decoder layers (`self.depth`). Each residual tensor's
+            decoder stage.
-            channel count must be compatible with the input tensor `x` for
-            element-wise addition (or concatenation if the blocks were designed
-            for it).
 
         Returns
         -------
         torch.Tensor
-            The final decoded feature map tensor produced by the last layer.
+            Decoded feature map, shape ``(B, C_out, H_out, W)``.
-            Shape `(B, C_out, H_out, W_out)`.
 
         Raises
         ------
         ValueError
-            If the number of `residuals` provided does not match the decoder
+            If the number of ``residuals`` does not equal ``self.depth``.
-            depth.
-        RuntimeError
-            If shapes mismatch during skip connection addition or layer
-            processing.
         """
         if len(residuals) != len(self.layers):
             raise ValueError(
@@ -187,7 +174,7 @@ class Decoder(nn.Module):
                 f"but got {len(residuals)}."
             )
 
-        for layer, res in zip(self.layers, residuals[::-1]):
+        for layer, res in zip(self.layers, residuals[::-1], strict=False):
             x = layer(x + res)
 
         return x
@@ -205,53 +192,55 @@ DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG: DecoderConfig = DecoderConfig(
         ),
     ],
 )
-"""A default configuration for the Decoder's *layer sequence*.
+"""Default decoder configuration used in standard BatDetect2 models.
 
-Specifies an architecture often used in BatDetect2, consisting of three
+Mirrors ``DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG`` in reverse. Assumes the bottleneck
-frequency coordinate-aware upsampling blocks followed by a standard
+output has 256 channels and height 16, and produces:
-convolutional block.
+
+- Stage 1 (``FreqCoordConvUp``): 64 channels, height 32.
+- Stage 2 (``FreqCoordConvUp``): 32 channels, height 64.
+- Stage 3 (``LayerGroup``):
+
+  - ``FreqCoordConvUp``: 32 channels, height 128.
+  - ``ConvBlock``: 32 channels, height 128 (final feature map).
 """
 
 
 def build_decoder(
     in_channels: int,
     input_height: int,
-    config: Optional[DecoderConfig] = None,
+    config: DecoderConfig | None = None,
 ) -> Decoder:
-    """Factory function to build a Decoder instance from configuration.
+    """Build a ``Decoder`` from configuration.
 
-    Constructs a sequential `Decoder` module based on the layer sequence
+    Constructs a sequential ``Decoder`` by iterating over the block
-    defined in a `DecoderConfig` object and the provided input dimensions
+    configurations in ``config.layers``, building each block with
-    (bottleneck channels and height). If no config is provided, uses the
+    ``build_layer``, and tracking the channel count and feature-map height
-    default layer sequence from `DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG`.
+    as they change through the sequence.
-
-    It iteratively builds the layers using the unified `build_layer_from_config`
-    factory (from `.blocks`), tracking the changing number of channels and
-    feature map height required for each subsequent layer.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     in_channels : int
-        The number of channels in the input tensor to the decoder. Must be > 0.
+        Number of channels in the input tensor (bottleneck output). Must
+        be positive.
     input_height : int
-        The height (frequency bins) of the input tensor to the decoder. Must be
+        Height (number of frequency bins) of the input tensor. Must be
-        > 0.
+        positive.
     config : DecoderConfig, optional
-        The configuration object detailing the sequence of layers and their
+        Configuration specifying the layer sequence. Defaults to
-        parameters. If None, `DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG` is used.
+        ``DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG`` if not provided.
 
     Returns
     -------
     Decoder
-        An initialized `Decoder` module.
+        An initialised ``Decoder`` module.
 
     Raises
     ------
     ValueError
-        If `in_channels` or `input_height` are not positive, or if the layer
+        If ``in_channels`` or ``input_height`` are not positive.
-        configuration is invalid (e.g., empty list, unknown `name`).
+    KeyError
-    NotImplementedError
+        If a layer configuration specifies an unknown block type.
-        If `build_layer_from_config` encounters an unknown `name`.
     """
     config = config or DEFAULT_DECODER_CONFIG
 
@@ -261,11 +250,13 @@ def build_decoder(
     layers = []
 
     for layer_config in config.layers:
-        layer, current_channels, current_height = build_layer_from_config(
+        layer = build_layer(
             in_channels=current_channels,
             input_height=current_height,
             config=layer_config,
         )
+        current_height = layer.get_output_height(current_height)
+        current_channels = layer.out_channels
         layers.append(layer)
 
     return Decoder(

src/batdetect2/models/detectors.py

@@ -1,27 +1,32 @@
-"""Assembles the complete BatDetect2 Detection Model.
+"""Assembles the complete BatDetect2 detection model.
 
-This module defines the concrete `Detector` class, which implements the
+This module defines the ``Detector`` class, which combines a backbone
-`DetectionModel` interface defined in `.types`. It combines a feature
+feature extractor with prediction heads for detection, classification, and
-extraction backbone with specific prediction heads to create the end-to-end
+bounding-box size regression.
-neural network used for detecting bat calls, predicting their size, and
-classifying them.
 
-The primary components are:
+Components
-- `Detector`: The `torch.nn.Module` subclass representing the complete model.
+----------
+- ``Detector`` – the ``torch.nn.Module`` that wires together a backbone
+  (``BackboneModel``) with a ``ClassifierHead`` and a ``BBoxHead`` to
+  produce a ``ModelOutput`` tuple from an input spectrogram.
+- ``build_detector`` – factory function that builds a ready-to-use
+  ``Detector`` from a backbone configuration and a target class count.
 
-This module focuses purely on the neural network architecture definition. The
+Note that ``Detector`` operates purely on spectrogram tensors; raw audio
-logic for preprocessing inputs and postprocessing/decoding outputs resides in
+preprocessing and output postprocessing are handled by
-the `batdetect2.preprocess` and `batdetect2.postprocess` packages, respectively.
+``batdetect2.preprocess`` and ``batdetect2.postprocess`` respectively.
 """
 
-from typing import Optional
-
 import torch
 from loguru import logger
 
-from batdetect2.models.backbones import BackboneConfig, build_backbone
+from batdetect2.models.backbones import (
+    BackboneConfig,
+    UNetBackboneConfig,
+    build_backbone,
+)
 from batdetect2.models.heads import BBoxHead, ClassifierHead
-from batdetect2.typing.models import BackboneModel, DetectionModel, ModelOutput
+from batdetect2.models.types import BackboneModel, DetectionModel, ModelOutput
 
 __all__ = [
     "Detector",
@@ -30,25 +35,30 @@ __all__ = [
 
 
 class Detector(DetectionModel):
-    """Concrete implementation of the BatDetect2 Detection Model.
+    """Complete BatDetect2 detection and classification model.
 
-    Assembles a complete detection and classification model by combining a
+    Combines a backbone feature extractor with two prediction heads:
-    feature extraction backbone network with specific prediction heads for
+
-    detection probability, bounding box size regression, and class
+    - ``ClassifierHead``: predicts per-class probabilities at each
-    probabilities.
+      time–frequency location.
+    - ``BBoxHead``: predicts call duration and bandwidth at each location.
+
+    The detection probability map is derived from the class probabilities by
+    summing across the class dimension (i.e. the probability that *any* class
+    is present), rather than from a separate detection head.
+
+    Instances are typically created via ``build_detector``.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     backbone : BackboneModel
-        The feature extraction backbone network module.
+        The feature extraction backbone.
     num_classes : int
-        The number of specific target classes the model predicts (derived from
+        Number of target classes (inferred from the classifier head).
-        the `classifier_head`).
     classifier_head : ClassifierHead
-        The prediction head responsible for generating class probabilities.
+        Produces per-class probability maps from backbone features.
     bbox_head : BBoxHead
-        The prediction head responsible for generating bounding box size
+        Produces duration and bandwidth predictions from backbone features.
-        predictions.
     """
 
     backbone: BackboneModel
@@ -59,26 +69,21 @@ class Detector(DetectionModel):
         classifier_head: ClassifierHead,
         bbox_head: BBoxHead,
     ):
-        """Initialize the Detector model.
+        """Initialise the Detector model.
 
-        Note: Instances are typically created using the `build_detector`
+        This constructor is typically called by the ``build_detector``
         factory function.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         backbone : BackboneModel
-            An initialized feature extraction backbone module (e.g., built by
+            An initialised backbone module (e.g. built by
-            `build_backbone` from the `.backbone` module).
+            ``build_backbone``).
         classifier_head : ClassifierHead
-            An initialized classification head module. The number of classes
+            An initialised classification head. The ``num_classes``
-            is inferred from this head.
+            attribute is read from this head.
         bbox_head : BBoxHead
-            An initialized bounding box size prediction head module.
+            An initialised bounding-box size prediction head.
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        TypeError
-            If the provided modules are not of the expected types.
         """
         super().__init__()
 
@@ -88,31 +93,34 @@ class Detector(DetectionModel):
         self.bbox_head = bbox_head
 
     def forward(self, spec: torch.Tensor) -> ModelOutput:
-        """Perform the forward pass of the complete detection model.
+        """Run the complete detection model on an input spectrogram.
 
-        Processes the input spectrogram through the backbone to extract
+        Passes the spectrogram through the backbone to produce a feature
-        features, then passes these features through the separate prediction
+        map, then applies the classifier and bounding-box heads. The
-        heads to generate detection probabilities, class probabilities, and
+        detection probability map is derived by summing the per-class
-        size predictions.
+        probability maps across the class dimension; no separate detection
+        head is used.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         spec : torch.Tensor
-            Input spectrogram tensor, typically with shape
+            Input spectrogram tensor, shape
-            `(batch_size, input_channels, frequency_bins, time_bins)`. The
+            ``(batch_size, channels, frequency_bins, time_bins)``.
-            shape must be compatible with the `self.backbone` input
-            requirements.
 
         Returns
         -------
         ModelOutput
-            A NamedTuple containing the four output tensors:
+            A named tuple with four fields:
-            - `detection_probs`: Detection probability heatmap `(B, 1, H, W)`.
+
-            - `size_preds`: Predicted scaled size dimensions `(B, 2, H, W)`.
+            - ``detection_probs`` – ``(B, 1, H, W)`` – probability that a
-            - `class_probs`: Class probabilities (excluding background)
+              call of any class is present at each location. Derived by
-              `(B, num_classes, H, W)`.
+              summing ``class_probs`` over the class dimension.
-            - `features`: Output feature map from the backbone
+            - ``size_preds`` – ``(B, 2, H, W)`` – scaled duration (channel
-              `(B, C_out, H, W)`.
+              0) and bandwidth (channel 1) predictions at each location.
+            - ``class_probs`` – ``(B, num_classes, H, W)`` – per-class
+              probabilities at each location.
+            - ``features`` – ``(B, C_out, H, W)`` – raw backbone feature
+              map.
         """
         features = self.backbone(spec)
         classification = self.classifier_head(features)
@@ -127,40 +135,46 @@ class Detector(DetectionModel):
 
 
 def build_detector(
-    num_classes: int, config: Optional[BackboneConfig] = None
+    num_classes: int,
+    config: BackboneConfig | None = None,
+    backbone: BackboneModel | None = None,
 ) -> DetectionModel:
-    """Build the complete BatDetect2 detection model.
+    """Build a complete BatDetect2 detection model.
+
+    Constructs a backbone from ``config``, attaches a ``ClassifierHead``
+    and a ``BBoxHead`` sized to the backbone's output channel count, and
+    returns them wrapped in a ``Detector``.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     num_classes : int
-        The number of specific target classes the model should predict
+        Number of target bat species or call types to predict. Must be
-        (required for the `ClassifierHead`). Must be positive.
+        positive.
     config : BackboneConfig, optional
-        Configuration object specifying the architecture of the backbone
+        Backbone architecture configuration. Defaults to
-        (encoder, bottleneck, decoder). If None, default configurations defined
+        ``UNetBackboneConfig()`` (the standard BatDetect2 architecture) if
-        within the respective builder functions (`build_encoder`, etc.) will be
+        not provided.
-        used to construct a default backbone architecture.
 
     Returns
     -------
     DetectionModel
-        An initialized `Detector` model instance.
+        An initialised ``Detector`` instance ready for training or
+        inference.
 
     Raises
     ------
     ValueError
-        If `num_classes` is not positive, or if errors occur during the
+        If ``num_classes`` is not positive, or if the backbone
-        construction of the backbone or detector components (e.g., incompatible
+        configuration is invalid.
-        configurations, invalid parameters).
     """
-    config = config or BackboneConfig()
+    if backbone is None:
+        config = config or UNetBackboneConfig()
+        logger.opt(lazy=True).debug(
+            "Building model with config: \n{}",
+            lambda: config.to_yaml_string(),  # type: ignore
+        )
+        backbone = build_backbone(config=config)
 
-    logger.opt(lazy=True).debug(
-        "Building model with config: \n{}",
-        lambda: config.to_yaml_string(),
-    )
-    backbone = build_backbone(config=config)
     classifier_head = ClassifierHead(
         num_classes=num_classes,
         in_channels=backbone.out_channels,

src/batdetect2/models/encoder.py

@@ -1,26 +1,27 @@
-"""Constructs the Encoder part of a configurable neural network backbone.
+"""Encoder (downsampling path) for the BatDetect2 backbone.
 
-This module defines the configuration structure (`EncoderConfig`) and provides
+This module defines ``EncoderConfig`` and the ``Encoder`` ``nn.Module``,
-the `Encoder` class (an `nn.Module`) along with a factory function
+together with the ``build_encoder`` factory function.
-(`build_encoder`) to create sequential encoders. Encoders typically form the
-downsampling path in architectures like U-Nets, processing input feature maps
-(like spectrograms) to produce lower-resolution, higher-dimensionality feature
-representations (bottleneck features).
 
-The encoder is built dynamically by stacking neural network blocks based on a
+In a U-Net-style network the encoder progressively reduces the spatial
-list of configuration objects provided in `EncoderConfig.layers`. Each
+resolution of the spectrogram whilst increasing the number of feature
-configuration object specifies the type of block (e.g., standard convolution,
+channels. Each layer in the encoder produces a feature map that is stored
-coordinate-feature convolution with downsampling) and its parameters
+for use as a skip connection in the corresponding decoder layer.
-(e.g., output channels). This allows for flexible definition of encoder
-architectures via configuration files.
 
-The `Encoder`'s `forward` method returns outputs from all intermediate layers,
+The encoder is fully configurable: the type, number, and parameters of the
-suitable for skip connections, while the `encode` method returns only the final
+downsampling blocks are described by an ``EncoderConfig`` object containing
-bottleneck output. A default configuration (`DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG`) is also
+an ordered list of block configuration objects (see ``batdetect2.models.blocks``
-provided.
+for available block types).
+
+``Encoder.forward`` returns the outputs of *all* encoder layers as a list,
+so that skip connections are available to the decoder.
+``Encoder.encode`` returns only the final output (the input to the bottleneck).
+
+A default configuration ``DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG`` is provided and used by
+``build_encoder`` when no explicit configuration is supplied.
 """
 
-from typing import Annotated, List, Optional, Union
+from typing import Annotated, List
 
 import torch
 from pydantic import Field
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ from batdetect2.models.blocks import (
     FreqCoordConvDownConfig,
     LayerGroupConfig,
     StandardConvDownConfig,
-    build_layer_from_config,
+    build_layer,
 )
 
 __all__ = [
@@ -43,47 +44,42 @@ __all__ = [
 ]
 
 EncoderLayerConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    ConvConfig
-        ConvConfig,
+    | FreqCoordConvDownConfig
-        FreqCoordConvDownConfig,
+    | StandardConvDownConfig
-        StandardConvDownConfig,
+    | LayerGroupConfig,
-        LayerGroupConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 """Type alias for the discriminated union of block configs usable in Encoder."""
 
 
 class EncoderConfig(BaseConfig):
-    """Configuration for building the sequential Encoder module.
+    """Configuration for the sequential ``Encoder`` module.
-
-    Defines the sequence of neural network blocks that constitute the encoder
-    (downsampling path).
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     layers : List[EncoderLayerConfig]
-        An ordered list of configuration objects, each defining one layer or
+        Ordered list of block configuration objects defining the encoder's
-        block in the encoder sequence. Each item must be a valid block config
+        downsampling stages. Each entry specifies the block type (via its
-        (e.g., `ConvConfig`, `FreqCoordConvDownConfig`,
+        ``name`` field) and any block-specific parameters such as
-        `StandardConvDownConfig`) including a `name` field and necessary
+        ``out_channels``. Input channels for each block are inferred
-        parameters like `out_channels`. Input channels for each layer are
+        automatically from the output of the previous block. Must contain
-        inferred sequentially. The list must contain at least one layer.
+        at least one entry.
     """
 
     layers: List[EncoderLayerConfig] = Field(min_length=1)
 
 
 class Encoder(nn.Module):
-    """Sequential Encoder module composed of configurable downscaling layers.
+    """Sequential encoder module composed of configurable downsampling layers.
 
-    Constructs the downsampling path of an encoder-decoder network by stacking
+    Executes a series of downsampling blocks in order, storing the output of
-    multiple downscaling blocks.
+    each block so that it can be passed as a skip connection to the
+    corresponding decoder layer.
 
-    The `forward` method executes the sequence and returns the output feature
+    ``forward`` returns the outputs of *all* layers (useful when skip
-    map from *each* downscaling stage, facilitating the implementation of skip
+    connections are needed). ``encode`` returns only the final output
-    connections in U-Net-like architectures. The `encode` method returns only
+    (the input to the bottleneck).
-    the final output tensor (bottleneck features).
 
     Attributes
     ----------
@@ -91,14 +87,14 @@ class Encoder(nn.Module):
         Number of channels expected in the input tensor.
     input_height : int
         Height (frequency bins) expected in the input tensor.
-    output_channels : int
+    out_channels : int
-        Number of channels in the final output tensor (bottleneck).
+        Number of channels in the final output tensor (bottleneck input).
     output_height : int
-        Height (frequency bins) expected in the output tensor.
+        Height (frequency bins) of the final output tensor.
     layers : nn.ModuleList
-        The sequence of instantiated downscaling layer modules.
+        Sequence of instantiated downsampling block modules.
     depth : int
-        The number of downscaling layers in the encoder.
+        Number of downsampling layers.
     """
 
     def __init__(
@@ -109,23 +105,22 @@ class Encoder(nn.Module):
         input_height: int = 128,
         in_channels: int = 1,
     ):
-        """Initialize the Encoder module.
+        """Initialise the Encoder module.
 
-        Note: This constructor is typically called internally by the
+        This constructor is typically called by the ``build_encoder`` factory
-        `build_encoder` factory function, which prepares the `layers` list.
+        function, which takes care of building the ``layers`` list from a
+        configuration object.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         output_channels : int
             Number of channels produced by the final layer.
         output_height : int
-            The expected height of the output tensor.
+            Height of the output tensor after all layers have been applied.
         layers : List[nn.Module]
-            A list of pre-instantiated downscaling layer modules (e.g.,
+            Pre-built downsampling block modules in execution order.
-            `StandardConvDownBlock` or `FreqCoordConvDownBlock`) in the desired
-            sequence.
         input_height : int, default=128
-            Expected height of the input tensor.
+            Expected height of the input tensor (frequency bins).
         in_channels : int, default=1
             Expected number of channels in the input tensor.
         """
@@ -140,29 +135,30 @@ class Encoder(nn.Module):
         self.depth = len(self.layers)
 
     def forward(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> List[torch.Tensor]:
-        """Pass input through encoder layers, returns all intermediate outputs.
+        """Pass input through all encoder layers and return every output.
 
-        This method is typically used when the Encoder is part of a U-Net or
+        Used when skip connections are needed (e.g. in a U-Net decoder).
-        similar architecture requiring skip connections.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         x : torch.Tensor
-            Input tensor, shape `(B, C_in, H_in, W)`, where `C_in` must match
+            Input spectrogram feature map, shape ``(B, C_in, H_in, W)``.
-            `self.in_channels` and `H_in` must match `self.input_height`.
+            ``C_in`` must match ``self.in_channels`` and ``H_in`` must
+            match ``self.input_height``.
 
         Returns
         -------
         List[torch.Tensor]
-            A list containing the output tensors from *each* downscaling layer
+            Output tensors from every layer in order.
-            in the sequence. `outputs[0]` is the output of the first layer,
+            ``outputs[0]`` is the output of the first (shallowest) layer;
-            `outputs[-1]` is the final output (bottleneck) of the encoder.
+            ``outputs[-1]`` is the output of the last (deepest) layer,
+            which serves as the input to the bottleneck.
 
         Raises
         ------
         ValueError
-            If input tensor channel count or height does not match expected
+            If the input channel count or height does not match the
-            values.
+            expected values.
         """
         if x.shape[1] != self.in_channels:
             raise ValueError(
@@ -185,28 +181,29 @@ class Encoder(nn.Module):
         return outputs
 
     def encode(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """Pass input through encoder layers, returning only the final output.
+        """Pass input through all encoder layers and return only the final output.
 
-        This method provides access to the bottleneck features produced after
+        Use this when skip connections are not needed and you only require
-        the last downscaling layer.
+        the bottleneck feature map.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         x : torch.Tensor
-            Input tensor, shape `(B, C_in, H_in, W)`. Must match expected
+            Input spectrogram feature map, shape ``(B, C_in, H_in, W)``.
-            `in_channels` and `input_height`.
+            Must satisfy the same shape requirements as ``forward``.
 
         Returns
         -------
         torch.Tensor
-            The final output tensor (bottleneck features) from the last layer
+            Output of the last encoder layer, shape
-            of the encoder. Shape `(B, C_out, H_out, W_out)`.
+            ``(B, C_out, H_out, W)``, where ``C_out`` is
+            ``self.out_channels`` and ``H_out`` is ``self.output_height``.
 
         Raises
         ------
         ValueError
-            If input tensor channel count or height does not match expected
+            If the input channel count or height does not match the
-            values.
+            expected values.
         """
         if x.shape[1] != self.in_channels:
             raise ValueError(
@@ -238,58 +235,57 @@ DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG: EncoderConfig = EncoderConfig(
         ),
     ],
 )
-"""Default configuration for the Encoder.
+"""Default encoder configuration used in standard BatDetect2 models.
 
-Specifies an architecture typically used in BatDetect2:
+Assumes a 1-channel input with 128 frequency bins and produces the
-- Input: 1 channel, 128 frequency bins.
+following feature maps:
-- Layer 1: FreqCoordConvDown -> 32 channels, H=64
+
-- Layer 2: FreqCoordConvDown -> 64 channels, H=32
+- Stage 1 (``FreqCoordConvDown``): 32 channels, height 64.
-- Layer 3: FreqCoordConvDown -> 128 channels, H=16
+- Stage 2 (``FreqCoordConvDown``): 64 channels, height 32.
-- Layer 4: ConvBlock -> 256 channels, H=16 (Bottleneck)
+- Stage 3 (``LayerGroup``):
+
+  - ``FreqCoordConvDown``: 128 channels, height 16.
+  - ``ConvBlock``: 256 channels, height 16 (bottleneck input).
 """
 
 
 def build_encoder(
     in_channels: int,
     input_height: int,
-    config: Optional[EncoderConfig] = None,
+    config: EncoderConfig | None = None,
 ) -> Encoder:
-    """Factory function to build an Encoder instance from configuration.
+    """Build an ``Encoder`` from configuration.
 
-    Constructs a sequential `Encoder` module based on the layer sequence
+    Constructs a sequential ``Encoder`` by iterating over the block
-    defined in an `EncoderConfig` object and the provided input dimensions.
+    configurations in ``config.layers``, building each block with
-    If no config is provided, uses the default layer sequence from
+    ``build_layer``, and tracking the channel count and feature-map height
-    `DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG`.
+    as they change through the sequence.
-
-    It iteratively builds the layers using the unified
-    `build_layer_from_config` factory (from `.blocks`), tracking the changing
-    number of channels and feature map height required for each subsequent
-    layer, especially for coordinate- aware blocks.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     in_channels : int
-        The number of channels expected in the input tensor to the encoder.
+        Number of channels in the input spectrogram tensor. Must be
-        Must be > 0.
+        positive.
     input_height : int
-        The height (frequency bins) expected in the input tensor. Must be > 0.
+        Height (number of frequency bins) of the input spectrogram.
-        Crucial for initializing coordinate-aware layers correctly.
+        Must be positive and should be divisible by
+        ``2 ** (number of downsampling stages)`` to avoid size mismatches
+        later in the network.
     config : EncoderConfig, optional
-        The configuration object detailing the sequence of layers and their
+        Configuration specifying the layer sequence. Defaults to
-        parameters. If None, `DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG` is used.
+        ``DEFAULT_ENCODER_CONFIG`` if not provided.
 
     Returns
     -------
     Encoder
-        An initialized `Encoder` module.
+        An initialised ``Encoder`` module.
 
     Raises
     ------
     ValueError
-        If `in_channels` or `input_height` are not positive, or if the layer
+        If ``in_channels`` or ``input_height`` are not positive.
-        configuration is invalid (e.g., empty list, unknown `name`).
+    KeyError
-    NotImplementedError
+        If a layer configuration specifies an unknown block type.
-        If `build_layer_from_config` encounters an unknown `name`.
     """
     if in_channels <= 0 or input_height <= 0:
         raise ValueError("in_channels and input_height must be positive.")
@@ -302,12 +298,14 @@ def build_encoder(
     layers = []
 
     for layer_config in config.layers:
-        layer, current_channels, current_height = build_layer_from_config(
+        layer = build_layer(
             in_channels=current_channels,
             input_height=current_height,
             config=layer_config,
         )
         layers.append(layer)
+        current_height = layer.get_output_height(current_height)
+        current_channels = layer.out_channels
 
     return Encoder(
         input_height=input_height,

src/batdetect2/models/heads.py

@@ -1,20 +1,19 @@
-"""Prediction Head modules for BatDetect2 models.
+"""Prediction heads attached to the backbone feature map.
 
-This module defines simple `torch.nn.Module` subclasses that serve as
+Each head is a lightweight ``torch.nn.Module`` that applies a 1×1
-prediction heads, typically attached to the output feature map of a backbone
+convolution to map backbone feature channels to one specific type of
-network
+output required by BatDetect2:
 
-Each head is responsible for generating one specific type of output required
+- ``DetectorHead``: single-channel detection probability heatmap (sigmoid
-by the BatDetect2 task:
+  activation).
-- `DetectorHead`: Predicts the probability of sound event presence.
+- ``ClassifierHead``: multi-class probability map over the target bat
-- `ClassifierHead`: Predicts the probability distribution over target classes.
+  species / call types (softmax activation).
-- `BBoxHead`: Predicts the size (width, height) of the sound event's bounding
+- ``BBoxHead``: two-channel map of predicted call duration (time axis) and
-box.
+  bandwidth (frequency axis) at each location (no activation; raw
+  regression output).
 
-These heads use 1x1 convolutions to map the backbone feature channels
+All three heads share the same input feature map produced by the backbone,
-to the desired number of output channels for each prediction task at each
+so they can be evaluated in parallel in a single forward pass.
-spatial location, followed by an appropriate activation function (e.g., sigmoid
-for detection, softmax for classification, none for size regression).
 """
 
 import torch
@@ -28,42 +27,35 @@ __all__ = [
 
 
 class ClassifierHead(nn.Module):
-    """Prediction head for multi-class classification probabilities.
+    """Prediction head for species / call-type classification probabilities.
 
-    Takes an input feature map and produces a probability map where each
+    Takes a backbone feature map and produces a probability map where each
-    channel corresponds to a specific target class. It uses a 1x1 convolution
+    channel corresponds to a target class. Internally the 1×1 convolution
-    to map input channels to `num_classes + 1` outputs (one for each target
+    maps ``in_channels`` to ``num_classes + 1`` logits (the extra channel
-    class plus an assumed background/generic class), applies softmax across the
+    represents a generic background / unknown category); a softmax is then
-    channels, and returns the probabilities for the specific target classes
+    applied across the channel dimension and the background channel is
-    (excluding the last background/generic channel).
+    discarded before returning.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     num_classes : int
-        The number of specific target classes the model should predict
+        Number of target classes (bat species or call types) to predict,
-        (excluding any background or generic category). Must be positive.
+        excluding the background category. Must be positive.
     in_channels : int
-        Number of channels in the input feature map tensor from the backbone.
+        Number of channels in the backbone feature map. Must be positive.
-        Must be positive.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     num_classes : int
-        Number of specific output classes.
+        Number of specific output classes (background excluded).
     in_channels : int
         Number of input channels expected.
     classifier : nn.Conv2d
-        The 1x1 convolutional layer used for prediction.
+        1×1 convolution with ``num_classes + 1`` output channels.
-        Output channels = num_classes + 1.
-
-    Raises
-    ------
-    ValueError
-        If `num_classes` or `in_channels` are not positive.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, num_classes: int, in_channels: int):
-        """Initialize the ClassifierHead."""
+        """Initialise the ClassifierHead."""
         super().__init__()
 
         self.num_classes = num_classes
@@ -76,20 +68,20 @@ class ClassifierHead(nn.Module):
         )
 
     def forward(self, features: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """Compute class probabilities from input features.
+        """Compute per-class probabilities from backbone features.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         features : torch.Tensor
-            Input feature map tensor from the backbone, typically with shape
+            Backbone feature map, shape ``(B, C_in, H, W)``.
-            `(B, C_in, H, W)`. `C_in` must match `self.in_channels`.
 
         Returns
         -------
         torch.Tensor
-            Class probability map tensor with shape `(B, num_classes, H, W)`.
+            Class probability map, shape ``(B, num_classes, H, W)``.
-            Contains probabilities for the specific target classes after
+            Values are softmax probabilities in the range [0, 1] and
-            softmax, excluding the implicit background/generic class channel.
+            sum to less than 1 per location (the background probability
+            is discarded).
         """
         logits = self.classifier(features)
         probs = torch.softmax(logits, dim=1)
@@ -97,36 +89,30 @@ class ClassifierHead(nn.Module):
 
 
 class DetectorHead(nn.Module):
-    """Prediction head for sound event detection probability.
+    """Prediction head for detection probability (is a call present here?).
 
-    Takes an input feature map and produces a single-channel heatmap where
+    Produces a single-channel heatmap where each value indicates the
-    each value represents the probability ([0, 1]) of a relevant sound event
+    probability ([0, 1]) that a bat call of *any* species is present at
-    (of any class) being present at that spatial location.
+    that time–frequency location in the spectrogram.
 
-    Uses a 1x1 convolution to map input channels to 1 output channel, followed
+    Applies a 1×1 convolution mapping ``in_channels`` → 1, followed by
-    by a sigmoid activation function.
+    sigmoid activation.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     in_channels : int
-        Number of channels in the input feature map tensor from the backbone.
+        Number of channels in the backbone feature map. Must be positive.
-        Must be positive.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     in_channels : int
         Number of input channels expected.
     detector : nn.Conv2d
-        The 1x1 convolutional layer mapping to a single output channel.
+        1×1 convolution with a single output channel.
-
-    Raises
-    ------
-    ValueError
-        If `in_channels` is not positive.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, in_channels: int):
-        """Initialize the DetectorHead."""
+        """Initialise the DetectorHead."""
         super().__init__()
         self.in_channels = in_channels
 
@@ -138,62 +124,49 @@ class DetectorHead(nn.Module):
         )
 
     def forward(self, features: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """Compute detection probabilities from input features.
+        """Compute detection probabilities from backbone features.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         features : torch.Tensor
-            Input feature map tensor from the backbone, typically with shape
+            Backbone feature map, shape ``(B, C_in, H, W)``.
-            `(B, C_in, H, W)`. `C_in` must match `self.in_channels`.
 
         Returns
         -------
         torch.Tensor
-            Detection probability heatmap tensor with shape `(B, 1, H, W)`.
+            Detection probability heatmap, shape ``(B, 1, H, W)``.
-            Values are in the range [0, 1] due to the sigmoid activation.
+            Values are in the range [0, 1].
-
-        Raises
-        ------
-        RuntimeError
-            If input channel count does not match `self.in_channels`.
         """
         return torch.sigmoid(self.detector(features))
 
 
 class BBoxHead(nn.Module):
-    """Prediction head for bounding box size dimensions.
+    """Prediction head for bounding box size (duration and bandwidth).
 
-    Takes an input feature map and produces a two-channel map where each
+    Produces a two-channel map where channel 0 predicts the scaled duration
-    channel represents a predicted size dimension (typically width/duration and
+    (time-axis extent) and channel 1 predicts the scaled bandwidth
-    height/bandwidth) for a potential sound event at that spatial location.
+    (frequency-axis extent) of the call at each spectrogram location.
 
-    Uses a 1x1 convolution to map input channels to 2 output channels. No
+    Applies a 1×1 convolution mapping ``in_channels`` → 2 with no
-    activation function is typically applied, as size prediction is often
+    activation function (raw regression output). The predicted values are
-    treated as a direct regression task. The output values usually represent
+    in a scaled space and must be converted to real units (seconds and Hz)
-    *scaled* dimensions that need to be un-scaled during postprocessing.
+    during postprocessing.
 
     Parameters
     ----------
     in_channels : int
-        Number of channels in the input feature map tensor from the backbone.
+        Number of channels in the backbone feature map. Must be positive.
-        Must be positive.
 
     Attributes
     ----------
     in_channels : int
         Number of input channels expected.
     bbox : nn.Conv2d
-        The 1x1 convolutional layer mapping to 2 output channels
+        1×1 convolution with 2 output channels (duration, bandwidth).
-        (width, height).
-
-    Raises
-    ------
-    ValueError
-        If `in_channels` is not positive.
     """
 
     def __init__(self, in_channels: int):
-        """Initialize the BBoxHead."""
+        """Initialise the BBoxHead."""
         super().__init__()
         self.in_channels = in_channels
 
@@ -205,19 +178,19 @@ class BBoxHead(nn.Module):
         )
 
     def forward(self, features: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
-        """Compute predicted bounding box dimensions from input features.
+        """Predict call duration and bandwidth from backbone features.
 
         Parameters
         ----------
         features : torch.Tensor
-            Input feature map tensor from the backbone, typically with shape
+            Backbone feature map, shape ``(B, C_in, H, W)``.
-            `(B, C_in, H, W)`. `C_in` must match `self.in_channels`.
 
         Returns
         -------
         torch.Tensor
-            Predicted size tensor with shape `(B, 2, H, W)`. Channel 0 usually
+            Size prediction tensor, shape ``(B, 2, H, W)``. Channel 0 is
-            represents scaled width, Channel 1 scaled height. These values
+            the predicted scaled duration; channel 1 is the predicted
-            need to be un-scaled during postprocessing.
+            scaled bandwidth. Values must be rescaled to real units during
+            postprocessing.
         """
         return self.bbox(features)

src/batdetect2/models/types.py

@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+from abc import ABC, abstractmethod
+from typing import NamedTuple, Protocol
+
+import torch
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BackboneModel",
+    "BlockProtocol",
+    "BottleneckProtocol",
+    "DecoderProtocol",
+    "DetectionModel",
+    "EncoderDecoderModel",
+    "EncoderProtocol",
+    "ModelOutput",
+]
+
+
+class BlockProtocol(Protocol):
+    in_channels: int
+    out_channels: int
+
+    def __call__(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: ...
+
+    def get_output_height(self, input_height: int) -> int: ...
+
+
+class EncoderProtocol(Protocol):
+    in_channels: int
+    out_channels: int
+    input_height: int
+    output_height: int
+
+    def __call__(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> list[torch.Tensor]: ...
+
+
+class BottleneckProtocol(Protocol):
+    in_channels: int
+    out_channels: int
+    input_height: int
+
+    def __call__(self, x: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: ...
+
+
+class DecoderProtocol(Protocol):
+    in_channels: int
+    out_channels: int
+    input_height: int
+    output_height: int
+    depth: int
+
+    def __call__(
+        self,
+        x: torch.Tensor,
+        residuals: list[torch.Tensor],
+    ) -> torch.Tensor: ...
+
+
+class ModelOutput(NamedTuple):
+    detection_probs: torch.Tensor
+    size_preds: torch.Tensor
+    class_probs: torch.Tensor
+    features: torch.Tensor
+
+
+class BackboneModel(ABC, torch.nn.Module):
+    input_height: int
+    out_channels: int
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def forward(self, spec: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor:
+        raise NotImplementedError
+
+
+class EncoderDecoderModel(BackboneModel):
+    bottleneck_channels: int
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def encode(self, spec: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: ...
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def decode(self, encoded: torch.Tensor) -> torch.Tensor: ...
+
+
+class DetectionModel(ABC, torch.nn.Module):
+    backbone: BackboneModel
+    classifier_head: torch.nn.Module
+    bbox_head: torch.nn.Module
+
+    @abstractmethod
+    def forward(self, spec: torch.Tensor) -> ModelOutput: ...

src/batdetect2/outputs/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+from batdetect2.outputs.config import OutputsConfig
+from batdetect2.outputs.formats import (
+    BatDetect2OutputConfig,
+    OutputFormatConfig,
+    ParquetOutputConfig,
+    RawOutputConfig,
+    SoundEventOutputConfig,
+    build_output_formatter,
+    get_output_formatter,
+    load_predictions,
+)
+from batdetect2.outputs.transforms import (
+    OutputTransformConfig,
+    build_output_transform,
+)
+from batdetect2.outputs.types import (
+    OutputFormatterProtocol,
+    OutputTransformProtocol,
+)
+
+__all__ = [
+    "BatDetect2OutputConfig",
+    "OutputFormatConfig",
+    "OutputFormatterProtocol",
+    "OutputTransformConfig",
+    "OutputTransformProtocol",
+    "OutputsConfig",
+    "ParquetOutputConfig",
+    "RawOutputConfig",
+    "SoundEventOutputConfig",
+    "build_output_formatter",
+    "build_output_transform",
+    "get_output_formatter",
+    "load_predictions",
+]

src/batdetect2/outputs/config.py

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+from pydantic import Field
+
+from batdetect2.core.configs import BaseConfig
+from batdetect2.outputs.formats import OutputFormatConfig
+from batdetect2.outputs.formats.raw import RawOutputConfig
+from batdetect2.outputs.transforms import OutputTransformConfig
+
+__all__ = ["OutputsConfig"]
+
+
+class OutputsConfig(BaseConfig):
+    format: OutputFormatConfig = Field(default_factory=RawOutputConfig)
+    transform: OutputTransformConfig = Field(
+        default_factory=OutputTransformConfig
+    )

src/batdetect2/outputs/formats/__init__.py

@@ -1,39 +1,42 @@
-from typing import Annotated, Optional, Union
+from typing import Annotated
 
 from pydantic import Field
 from soundevent.data import PathLike
 
-from batdetect2.data.predictions.base import (
+from batdetect2.outputs.formats.base import (
     OutputFormatterProtocol,
-    prediction_formatters,
+    output_formatters,
 )
-from batdetect2.data.predictions.batdetect2 import BatDetect2OutputConfig
+from batdetect2.outputs.formats.batdetect2 import BatDetect2OutputConfig
-from batdetect2.data.predictions.raw import RawOutputConfig
+from batdetect2.outputs.formats.parquet import ParquetOutputConfig
-from batdetect2.data.predictions.soundevent import SoundEventOutputConfig
+from batdetect2.outputs.formats.raw import RawOutputConfig
-from batdetect2.typing import TargetProtocol
+from batdetect2.outputs.formats.soundevent import SoundEventOutputConfig
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
 
 __all__ = [
-    "build_output_formatter",
-    "get_output_formatter",
     "BatDetect2OutputConfig",
+    "OutputFormatConfig",
+    "ParquetOutputConfig",
     "RawOutputConfig",
     "SoundEventOutputConfig",
+    "build_output_formatter",
+    "get_output_formatter",
+    "load_predictions",
 ]
 
 
 OutputFormatConfig = Annotated[
-    Union[
+    BatDetect2OutputConfig
-        BatDetect2OutputConfig,
+    | ParquetOutputConfig
-        SoundEventOutputConfig,
+    | SoundEventOutputConfig
-        RawOutputConfig,
+    | RawOutputConfig,
-    ],
     Field(discriminator="name"),
 ]
 
 
 def build_output_formatter(
-    targets: Optional[TargetProtocol] = None,
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
-    config: Optional[OutputFormatConfig] = None,
+    config: OutputFormatConfig | None = None,
 ) -> OutputFormatterProtocol:
     """Construct the final output formatter."""
     from batdetect2.targets import build_targets
@@ -41,13 +44,13 @@ def build_output_formatter(
     config = config or RawOutputConfig()
 
     targets = targets or build_targets()
-    return prediction_formatters.build(config, targets)
+    return output_formatters.build(config, targets)
 
 
 def get_output_formatter(
-    name: Optional[str] = None,
+    name: str | None = None,
-    targets: Optional[TargetProtocol] = None,
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
-    config: Optional[OutputFormatConfig] = None,
+    config: OutputFormatConfig | None = None,
 ) -> OutputFormatterProtocol:
     """Get the output formatter by name."""
 
@@ -55,7 +58,7 @@ def get_output_formatter(
         if name is None:
             raise ValueError("Either config or name must be provided.")
 
-        config_class = prediction_formatters.get_config_type(name)
+        config_class = output_formatters.get_config_type(name)
         config = config_class()  # type: ignore
 
     if config.name != name:  # type: ignore
@@ -68,9 +71,9 @@ def get_output_formatter(
 
 def load_predictions(
     path: PathLike,
-    format: Optional[str] = "raw",
+    format: str | None = "raw",
-    config: Optional[OutputFormatConfig] = None,
+    config: OutputFormatConfig | None = None,
-    targets: Optional[TargetProtocol] = None,
+    targets: TargetProtocol | None = None,
 ):
     """Load predictions from a file."""
     from batdetect2.targets import build_targets

src/batdetect2/outputs/formats/base.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Literal
+
+from soundevent.data import PathLike
+
+from batdetect2.core import ImportConfig, Registry, add_import_config
+from batdetect2.outputs.types import OutputFormatterProtocol
+from batdetect2.targets.types import TargetProtocol
+
+__all__ = [
+    "OutputFormatterProtocol",
+    "PredictionFormatterImportConfig",
+    "make_path_relative",
+    "output_formatters",
+]
+
+
+def make_path_relative(path: PathLike, audio_dir: PathLike) -> Path:
+    path = Path(path)
+    audio_dir = Path(audio_dir)
+
+    if path.is_absolute():
+        if not path.is_relative_to(audio_dir):
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Audio file {path} is not in audio_dir {audio_dir}"
+            )
+
+        return path.relative_to(audio_dir)
+
+    return path
+
+
+output_formatters: Registry[OutputFormatterProtocol, [TargetProtocol]] = (
+    Registry(name="output_formatter")
+)
+
+
+@add_import_config(output_formatters)
+class PredictionFormatterImportConfig(ImportConfig):
+    """Use any callable as a prediction formatter.
+
+    Set ``name="import"`` and provide a ``target`` pointing to any
+    callable to use it instead of a built-in option.
+    """
+
+    name: Literal["import"] = "import"